ITN 100 Chapter 5 Network and Transport Layers

Root Server

A DNS server maintained by ICANN and IANA that is an authority on how to contact the top-level domains, such as those ending with .com, .edu, .net, .us, and so on. ICANN oversees the operation of 13 clusters of root servers around the world.

Name Servers

A computer dedicated to providing responses to requests for Domain Name information.

Authoritative Name Server

A computer of the Domain Name System that knows for its domain the IP address of all computers and authoritative name servers in it.

Classless Addressing

A concept in IPv4 addressing that defines a subnetted IP address as having two parts: a prefix (or subnet) and a host.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

A distance vector protocol that uses algorithms to decipher which route to send data packets.

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

A multicast protocol used between clients and routers to let routers know which of their interfaces has a multicast receiver attached.

Address Resolution

A process for determining a host's data link layer address if you know its IP address

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)

A protocol aimed at regularizing and formalizing the practice of securing particular levels of service for traffic flows over the Internet.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

A protocol in the TCP/IP suite used with the command-line utility of the same name to determine the MAC address that corresponds to a particular IP address.

Internet Address Classes

A range of addresses.

Internet Protocol (IP)

A set of rules responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling packets over the Internet.

ARP Cache

A table used to maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.

Sliding Window

A type of data window in which block sizes are variable. Window size is continually reevaluated during transmission, with the sender always attempting to send the largest window it can to speed throughput.

Port Address

A unique address given to each application layer software package using TCP/IP.

Dynamic Addressing

A way of assigning Internet protocol addresses where a computer is assigned a temporary address from an available pool of addresses.

Application Layer Address

Also known as a server name. Application software that uses Internet addresses. Whenever a user types in an Internet address into a Web browser, the request is passed to the network layer as part of an application layer packet formatted using the HTTP protocol.

Data Link Layer Address

Also known as the physical address/MAC address. Is on the network interface card. Are needed only on multipoint circuits (which have more than one computer on them). Ex: 00-0C-00-F5-03-5A

Internet Address

An address that identifies a computer, person, or Web page on the Internet, such as an IP address, domain name, or e-mail address.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Cisco's proprietary hybrid protocol that has elements of both distance vector and link state routing.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Dynamically assigns IP address information (for example, IP address, subnet mask, DNS server's IP address, and default gateway's IP address) to network devices.

Flow Control

Ensuring that the computer sending the message is not transmitting too quickly for the receiver

top-level domain (TLD)

Identifies the type of organization associated with the domain.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable

Network Layer Address

Is an IP address that is 4 bytes long when using IPV4.

Source Port Address

It's the port address of the sending application layer software package.

Connectionless Messaging

Means each packet is treated separately and makes its own way through the network.

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

Protocol that defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients. The vast majority of VoIP solutions available today use RTP.

Connection-Oriented Messaging

Sets up a TCP connection (also called session) between the sender and receiver.

Network Interface Port

TCP/IP port.

IP Gateway

TCP/IP terminology for a router that provides access to resources outside the local subnet network address. (A default gateway is the name given to the TCP/IP configuration entry for clients that identify the router they must use to send data outside their local subnet areas.)

Destination Port Address

The address of the receiver of a message in regards to using TCP/IP software.

Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)

The operating system used on Cisco devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls.

Continuous ARQ

The sender does not wait for an acknowledgement after sending a message. It immediately sends the next one.

Console Port

The type of port on a router used to communicate with the router itself, such as when making programming changes to the device.

Interface

The way something allows you to connect with it

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol - provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

Session

a conversation between two comuters

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

a dynamic distance vector exterior routing protocol used on the Internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

a dynamic interior routing protocol based on the SPF algorithm

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

a link state interior routing protocol that is commonly used in large networks

Autonomous System

a network operated by one organization, such as IBM or Indiana University, or an organization that runs one part of the Internet.

Quality of Service (QoS)

a special type of connection-oriented messaging in which different connections are assigned different priorities

Loopback

a type of interface not assigned to a physical port, and which is always up, and sometime used for testing (127 address range)

Reserved Adresses

addresses from 224-239 that belong to Class D and are reserved for multicasting

Broadcast Messages

addresses starting with 255

Static Routing

all computers or routers in the network make their own routing decisions following a formal routing protocol

Centralized Routing

all routing decisions are made by one central computer or router

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

an error-control protocol that requires the retransmission of a message until it is received without error.

Subnet Mask

any portion of the IP address can be designated as a subnet by using this

Private IPv4 Address Space

can only be used internally by organizations

Link State Dynamic Routing

computers or routers track the number of hops in the route, the speed of the circuits in each route, and how busy each route is.

Access Control List (ACL)

defines what types of packets should be routed and what types of packets should be discarded.

Unicast Message

one computer sends a message to another computer

Selective-Repeat ARQ

packets that are retransmitted may be only those containing an error

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

responsible for managing the assessment of network layer addresses and application layer addresses

Distance Vector Dynamic Routing

routers count the number of hops along a route

Dynamic Routing

routing decisions are made in a decentralized manner by individual computers

Interior Routing Protocols

routing protocols used inside an autonomous system

Multicasting

sending a message to a group of computers rather than one computer or every computer on a network

Resolving Name Server

server that requests corresponding IP address

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

simplest, interior error-reporting protocol, computer reports routing errors to message senders limited availability to update routing table

Segment

the Protocol Data Unit at the transport layer

Routing

the process of deciding which path to take on a network. This is determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data.

Stop-and-Wait ARQ

the sender stops and waits for a response from the receiver after each data packet

Segmenting

to take one outgoing message from the application layer and break it into a set of smaller segments for transmission through the network

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

transport/network layer protocol used on the Internet

Exterior Routing Protocols

used between autonomous systems provide information about preferred/best routes instead of all possible routed

Multicast Message

used to send the same message to a group of computers

User Data Protocol (UDP)

used when the sender needs to send a single small packet to the receiver

Router

usually found at the edge of subnets because they are the devices that connect subnets together and enable messages to flow form one subnet to another