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Which of the following represents a consequence of candidate-centered electoral campaigns? a)A decrease in the number of third-party candidates on the ballot b)A decrease in voter outreach and mobilization efforts c)A decrease in the role of political parties in campaign management d)A decrease in the amount of money spent on political campaigns

A decrease in the role of political parties in campaign management

Which of the following scenarios is most related to the Twenty-Sixth Amendment? A) An eighteen-year-old votes in a presidential election. B) A primary election is held to determine the candidate who will run as the Republican for the United States Senate. C) An interest group purchases a television ad prior to an election. D) A woman votes in a local election.

An eighteen-year-old votes in a presidential election

Which best describes a likely reason for the information depicted in the graph? A) An increase in concerns over media bias B) An increase in the median age of the population C) A decrease in ideological news coverage D)A decrease in the number of media outlets

An increase in concerns over media bias

A 2017 study in The American Economic Review found that watching Fox News during an election cycle increased a Democrat's chances of voting Republican by 28 percent. Conversely, by watching MSNBC Republicans were more inclined to vote Democrat by 8 percent. This scenario best illustrates which of the following about the media? A) Increased media choices tend to reinforce existing beliefs when citizens are offered ideological choices in programming. B)Cable news programming is oftentimes ideologically driven and effective in persuading citizens to adopt their point of view C) The consumption of news tends to increase voter participation for Republicans but is less effective in increasing participation for Democrats. D) Modern political parties have launched air campaigns to persuade voters by purchasing advertisements on 24-hour news networks.

Cable news programming is oftentimes ideologically driven and effective in persuading citizens to adopt their point of view

All of the following contribute to the success of incumbent members of congress in election campaigns except: A)incumbents tend to understand national issues better than do their challengers B)incumbents usually raise more campaign funds than do their challengers C)incumbents can use staff to perform services for constituents D)incumbents are usually better known to voters than are their challengers

Incumbents tend to understand national issues better than do their challengers.

The National Education Association (NEA) is an organization of teachers, administrators, and other educators who work together to advance the interests and impact of public education. One of the NE's goals is to support public education by ending government funding of voucher programs that promote school privatization. Vouchers give parents financial incentives to send their children to private schools rather than having children attend local public schools. Which of the following strategies would be the most effective way to achieve the NEA's goal of furthering the interest of public education? A) Petition Congress to hold an oversight hearing of the Department of Education on private and public school funding B)Request that the Supreme Court to declare the school voucher and privatization programs unconstitutional. C)Increase membership in the NEA by offering new members financial benefits D) Lobby members of congressional committees to vote against all legislation that would support school voucher programs.

Lobby members of congressional committees to vote against all legislation that would support school voucher programs.

Which of the following portrays an accurate example of horse race media coverage? A)A candidate announces her intention to run for president of the United States on Twitter rather than through a television appearance B)News media outlets report the results of public opinion polls that show the relative popularity of presidential candidates C)After a lengthy investigation, a newspaper publishes an article about a candidate receiving thousands of dollars in illegal campaign funds. D) A cable news show intentionally smears a candidate by running an exaggerated story about indiscretions in a candidate's personal life.

News media outlets report the results of public opinion polls that show the relative popularity of presidential candidates

Which of the following best describes the difference between an open and closed primary? A) voters must pay a poll tax to vote in a closed primary, but not in an open primary B) voters are allowed to split their ticket in a closed primary but not in an open primary C) Only voters who register as members of a political party may vote in that party's closed primary, while independents and others may be eligible to vote in open primaries D) candidates must seek the approval of the party organization to run un a closed primary, but anyone may be a candidate in an open primary

Only voters who register as members of a political party may vote in that party's closed primary, while independents and others may be eligible to vote in open primaries

Which of the following best explains how political parties are likely to respond to the data in the chart? A) Political parties are likely to continue to stand by their traditional positions and not bother to appeal to groups that have not previously been included in their base. B) Political parties will advocate for proportional representational systems so that groups with larger populations are able to win seats and be represented more fairly in government. C) Political parties will adapt by switching from candidate-centered campaigns to campaigns that strategically mobilize voters across the country with a consistent message. D) Political parties will adapt their positions and find ways to appeal to voters from growing demographic groups

Political parties will adapt their positions and find ways to appeal to voters from growing demographic groups

*Any candidate using Facebook can put a campaign message promising one thing in frontof one group of voters while simultaneously running an ad with a completely opposite message in front of a dilferent Toup of voters. The ads themselves are not poste anvwhere for the general public to see (this is what's known as 'dark advertising'), and chance one will ever be the wiser. That undermines the very idea of a 'marketplace idea says Ann Ravel, a former member of the Federal Election Commission who has long advocated stricter regulations on digital campaigning. The way to have a robust democracy is for people to hear all these ideas and make decisions and discuss. Ravel said. With microtargeting, that is not happening! Julia Carrie Wong, It Might Work Too Well! the Dark Art of Political Advertising Online " The Guardian, March 19. 2018 Which of the following scenarios reflects the most direct effect of the practice described in the passage on the electoral process? A)State legislatures will redraw the boundaries of electoral districts to group like-minded voters together. B)Political parties will rely increasingly on social media advertising to reach different coalitions of voters C) Political campaigns will operate with greater transparency regarding the sources of their financing and advertising D)Political parties will play a greater role in recruiting qualified candidates capable of effectively communicating their party's policy agenda to potential voters

Political parties will rely increasingly on social media advertising to reach different coalitions of voters

There is an ongoing debate over the role of money in elections. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BRA) of 2002 banned soft money and restricted advertisements in the weeks before an election. Parts of this act were challenged and struck down in the Supreme Court case Citizens United v. Federal Election ComMission (2010). Which of the following was a consequence of that ruling? A) Super PACs may spend unlimited funds on advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign because they are protected by the freedom of speech. B)Advertisements produced in direct coordination between campaigns and super PACs cannot be restricted because thev are protected by the freedom of speech C) The Federal Election Commission can place restrictions on all advertisements because they are not protected by the freedom of speech.

Super PACs may spend unlimited funds on advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign because they are protected by the freedom of speech.

Two interest groups are competing for influence in Congress. One group represents banking institutions, while the other advocates for consumer protections. A critic of the influence of interest groups would make which of the following claims? A) the consumer protection group is prohibited by federal regulations from direct lobbying B) the consumer protection group will appeal only to republican leaders, while the banking interests will appeal only to democratic leaders C) the banking interest group likely has greater financial resources and access to policy makers than the consumer protection group D) the interest groups will nominate a slate of candidates for office to complete against each other in the next election in order to determine which interests prevail.

The banking interest group likely has greater financial resources and access to policy makers than the consumer protection group

Which of the following is the best explanation for the trend in voting behavior after the 2000 election? (GRAPH QUESTION) A) Most younger voters after 2000 adopted political positions that were opposed to their parents' point of view. B) Most younger voters who were Democrats in the 1980s became more conservative as they grew older and ended up supporting Republicans after 2000 C) Many states lowered their voting ape after 2000, which led to an increase in Democratic Party voters. D)The events that shaped the generation turning 18 after the year 2000 tended to create more liberal-minded voters who supported Democrats.

The events that shaped the generation turning 18 after the year 2000 tended to create more liberal-minded voters who supported Democrats.

Critics of the winner-take-all aspect of the electoral college are most likely to make which of the following arguments? A) A state's presidential election results rarely mirror a state's congressional election results. B)The winner-take-all system of the electoral college undermines the rights of states C)The winner-take-all system of the electoral college drives presidential candidates to focus on winning states that are considered to be part of their supporters D) The winer take all system of the electoral college encourages presidential candidates to focus their time and effort disproportionately on battleground states with larger populations

The winer take all system of the electoral college encourages presidential candidates to focus their time and effort disproportionately on battleground states with larger populations

The graphic illustrates which of the following statements about political parties? A) The founders refused to join political parties because they agreed that parties were contrary to the public interests, so parties did not form until well after the ratification of the Constitution. B)There is an ongoing debate between political parties over the power and scope of the federal government, even as economic and demographic changes have altered party coalitions. C) The Constitution settled the debate over the power of the federal government, but political parties formed nonetheless to help Congress organize itself over regional interests D)Federalism leads to a multiparty system in which at least three parties generally compete for control of local, state, and national governments

There is an ongoing debate between political parties over the power and scope of the federal government, even as economic and demographic changes have altered party coalitions.

Which of the following scenarios is most closely related to the supreme court's decision in citizens united V. federal election commission (2010)? A) a lobbyist writes the language of a bill that is later introduced into both chambers of congress B) a corporation spends millions of dollars to independently run negative advertisements about a presidential candidate shortly before the election C) a state senator receives a large cash donation from a corporate executive in exchange for specific political favors D) a member of congress establishes a political action committee to gain influence within the chamber

a corporation spends millions of dollars to independently run negative advertisements about a presidential candidate shortly before the election

The process known as front-loading refers to A) political action committees (PACs) contributing money to candidates at least one year before the first presidential primary or caucus B) a presidential candidate seeking endorsements before officially declaring candidacy C) the tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar D) presidential candidates raising funds far in advance of the first presidential primary

he tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar

The animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) urges its members to take action in support of what they term "animal friendly" legislation through their website. In addition to providing information about important issues that legislators may vote on, the nonprofit organization also describes the best ways to contact a legislator and tips on how best to interact with lawmakers. Which of the following is being illustrated in the scenario? A) interest groups sometimes form around a narrow set of issues with the goal of impacting policy making B) interest groups work to mobilize citizens and members of congress to form an iron triangle C) interest groups post messages on social media to request donations from members D) interest groups lacking funding can overcome the free-rider problem by proposing legislation on their website

interest groups sometimes form around a narrow set of issues with the goal of impacting policy making

Which of the following most accurately describes media coverage of elections? A)coverage tends to focus on issues rather than on which candidate is ahead in public opinion polls B) coverage of presidential primaries gives relatively equal power to states regardless of when they hold their primaries C) network news coverage is usually dominated by reporters who offer relatively short sound bites from the candidate D) radio and television stations must provide on their news broadcasts equal time for and equal coverage of major party candidates

network news coverage is usually dominated by reporters who offer relatively short sound bites from candidates

The free rider problem occurs when a) people benefit from an interest group's efforts without making any contribution b) elected officials provide government services for those who have helped their campaigns c) interest groups seek public funding to advance their special interests dpolitical campaigns manipulate the news media in order to obtain free advertising

people benefit from an interest group's efforts without making any contribution

Senator Hoffman is campaigning for reelection in her state. Her campaign message emphasizes how the policies she has supported have benefited her constituents. She has spotlighted job creation and an overall improvement in the standard of living in the state in the past six years. Senator Hoffman is hoping to appeal to which of the following voting behavior models? A) prospective voting B) Rational-choice voting C) retrospective voting D) party-line voting

retrospective voting

All of the following are examples of a linkage institution influencing the policy process EXCEPT A) the president delivering the State of the Union speech B) an expose by the national media on the housing crisis C) the Sierra club lobbying the environmental protection agency D) the outcome of a congressional election

the president delivering the State of the Union speech