ap gov

Baker v. Carr (1962)

"One man, one vote." Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population

A media organization is interested in reporting election results in a congressional election prior to the final tally of votes which will not occur until later in the evening. The organization randomly selects several polling places across the district asking voters whom they voted for. The type of poll being used in this scenario is known as an exit poll a benchmark poll an opinion poll a tracking poll

A. Exit polls are frequently used to predict winners of elections. Randomly selected voters are asked who they voted for as they are leaving the polling place, as shown in the scenario.

Brutus 2

Brutus attacks the Constitution for its lack of a Bill of Rights.

Brutus I

Brutus begins the series outlining his opinion that the States will be consolidated under the Constitution and specifically points out the open-endedness of the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Brutus 5

Brutus suggests that the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause allowed Congress to make literally any law.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Commerce clause of Constitution does not give Congress the power to regulate guns near state-operated schools

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of concurrent powers? 1. The president negotiates a treaty regarding climate change with foreign governments, but for the treaty to take effect, it requires approval by the Senate. 2. As commander-in-chief of the military, the president orders troops to a foreign nation to address a potential threat to national security. 3. A Senate committee holds a hearing to discuss the potential misuse of funds by the Department of Veterans Affairs. 4. The federal government provides about 25% of the total funding for highways and transit in the United States, while the other 75% of the funding comes from states.

D. Both states and the federal government provide funding for transportation in the United States, which illustrates concurrent powers. Concurrent powers are those powers shared by both the federal and state governments.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of concurrent powers? The president negotiates a treaty regarding climate change with foreign governments, but for the treaty to take effect, it requires approval by the Senate. As commander-in-chief of the military, the president orders troops to a foreign nation to address a potential threat to national security. A Senate committee holds a hearing to discuss potential misuse of funds by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The federal government provides about 25% of the total funding for highways and transit in the United States, while the other 75% of the funding comes from states.

D. Both states and the federal government provide funding for transportation in the United States, which illustrates concurrent powers. Concurrent powers are those powers shared by both the federal and state governments.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges; "chief justice John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

electorate,

a large percentage of Americans"go to the polls" to cast a vote for the American president and other oces.

Reconstruction Amendments

thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fieenth. e irteenth Amendment freed the enslaved, and the Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship and guaranteed legal protection.

pork barrel

when members of Congress try and send funds back to their districts in spending bills

section eight of article 1 of the constitution gives congress these powers:

-lay and collect taxes -borrow money -coin money -declare war -raise and support armies -maintain a navy -necessary and proper clause/elastic clause

Which of the following is generally the most important agent of political socialization? Family The media Place of birth Social class

A. Family tends to be the most important agent of political socialization for most individuals. (this is stupid)

Article 5 of the Constitution

Amending the Constitution, outlines the formal method of amending the constitution

Which of the following pair of Supreme Court cases best illustrates how views of federalism have shifted in the United States?

B. McCulloch v. Maryland established that states did not have the power to tax federal institutions such as the Bank of the United States. United States v. Lopez demonstrated a shift in federal authority by ruling that the federal government could not establish gun-free zones under the commerce clause.

Brutus 3

Brutus criticizes representation under the Constitution. In addition to the Three-Fifths Clause, Brutus notes that there would be less Representatives in the Federal Congress than the total of those under the separate States.

Which of the following is the correct pairing of powers found in the Articles of Confederation and powers found in the Constitution?

C. Under the Articles of Confederation, legislation was approved by the unicameral Congress of the Confederation. The United States Constitution established a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.

Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971):

Citizens "eighteen years of age or older" shall not be denied the right to vote by the states or the United States "on account of age."

Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964):

Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote by the states or the United States "by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax."

Fifteenth Amendment (1870

Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote by the states or the United States "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Nineteenth Amendment (1920):

Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote by the states or the United States "on account of sex."

Which of the following congressional plans to create new district maps would most likely face a challenge in the Supreme Court based on precedent? A state legislature hires a private consulting group to fairly balance districts according to political ideology with the unintended consequence of having no districts that are majority Hispanic. A district is drawn by a panel of judges to ensure more competitive elections but inadvertently creates more districts that are majority White than majority African American. A square-shaped contiguous district in which the majority of voters are African American is drawn in a state, using similarity in geographic size as the predominant factor in its creation. A district that has a majority of African American residents is drawn in a state, using race as the predominant factor in its creation.

D. In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the court held that, under the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, majority-minority districts, created under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, may be constitutionally challenged by voters if race is the only factor used in creating the district.

Twenty-third Amendment (1961):

For presidential and vice presidential elections, "the District constituting the seat of government" shall appoint a number of electors "in no event more than the least populous State."

Article 7 of the Constitution

Outlines the process for ratification of the Constitution

Article 4 of the Constitution

Outlines the rights and expectations for all states and citizens including the addition of new states, the states are required to respect the privileges and immunities of the other states

Which of the following makes a correct comparison between political parties and interest groups in the United States?

Political parties primarily focus on running candidates for office, while interest groups seek to influence public policy.

concurrent powers

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

Article 3 of the Constitution

Section of the Constitution laying out powers and responsibilities of the Judicial Branch

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Speech may be punished if it creates a clear-and-present-danger test of illegal acts

Article 6 of the Constitution

Supremacy Clause - clearly states that national law will be supreme over state law

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

The "separate but equal" doctrine as it applies to public education is unconstitutional; separate schools are inherently unequal. The court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The question before the court was if it was okay to have schools based on race, that were not equal. It integrated schools.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)

The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense applies to the states, incorporates the second amendment

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states

In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation? When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state When there is a conflict among the branches of the national government When a federal policy shifting oversight authority from a national agency to a state agency is challenged When a former employee files a wrongful termination claim against a company headquartered in another state

a Selective incorporation ensures that states and localities cannot pass laws that infringe upon the rights guaranteed in the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court is most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation in a scenario in which an individual claims that the state is infringing upon constitutional rights.

Which of the following is a true statement about the role of the media in providing citizens with information? Investigative reporting dominates the news because it is less expensive than political commentary. Demand for instantaneous news reporting has led to the growth of 24-hour news operations and a shift to online media consumption. The media is increasingly controlled by the major political parties, who determine which stories are covered by the press. There has been an increase in social media and Internet news consumption by the public, causing the top five media conglomerates to have greater control over public opinion.

b Citizens used to rely on the evening news broadcast and newspapers for their news. As cable access increased, 24-hour news networks emerged from the demand for instantaneous news. Online news emerged once broadband internet access increased for the same reasons.

article one section 9 does what:

says what Congress cannot do, which includes -not suspending habious corpus -not bills of attainder, ex-post facto laws

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers "the power to tax is the power to destroy"

Article 1: Legislative Branch

the U.S. Congress makes the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts,called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Bully Pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

Article 3 of the constitution outlines what powers to the judicial branch?

the supreme court has originals jurisdiction on any case in regards to ambassadors and public ministers the supreme court will hear all other cases as appellate cases, hearing them for the second time.

Article 2 of the Constitution

Section of the Constitution laying out powers and responsibilities of the Executive Branch

"If, therefore, the legislature pass any laws, inconsistent with the sense the judges put upon the constitution, they will declare it void; and therefore in this respect their power is superior to that of the legislature." Brutus 15 Which of the following cases is most related to the quote? Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) United States v. Lopez (1995)

A. The quote expresses concern about the power of judicial review, which was one of the issues in the case Marbury v. Madison. Supreme Court justices used Marbury v. Madison as a basis for declaring the right of the judiciary to exercise judicial review.

Brutus 4

Brutus proposes that the wealthy would secure control of the United States by using their power to determine the time and place of elections to make voting inconvenient or impossible for average citizens.

linkage institutions

political parties,elections, interest groups, and the media—connect people with the government, keeping people informed and trying to shape public opinion and policy

Which of the following is an example of how separation of powers creates friction between the executive and legislative branches in the policy-making process? The electoral college vote ends with no candidate receiving a majority of the votes, and the House of Representatives is delegated the task of selecting the next president. The Senate votes to impeach a sitting president for high crimes and misdemeanors. The secretary of state is dispatched along with a delegation of senators to negotiate a treaty with a foreign government. The president threatens to issue an executive order to address climate concerns if Congress continues to refuse to take action.

D. The president's threat to legislate by executive order creates friction with the legislative branch, since passing laws is within the legislature's purview.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Government can almost never use prior restraint (crossing out sections of an article before publication)-protections for the press were established here. Defense Department employee Daniel Ellsburg leaked some confidential files indicating that the war in Vietnam was going poorly, the government sought to prevent the publication of these "Pentagon Papers" by the New York Times. Court held that executive efforts to prevent the publication violated the 1st Amendment were forbidden

A public school district implemented a policy that instructed students to recite a common, district approved meditation at the beginning of the school day. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate? The interstate commerce clause The free exercise clause The supremacy clause The establishment clause

The establishment clause

selective incorporation

The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments by the supreme court.

In many places, classrooms are overcrowded and curricula are outdated. Most of our qualified teachers are underpaid, and many of our paid teachers are unqualified. So we must give every child a place to sit and a teacher to learn from. Poverty must not be a bar to learning, and learning must offer an escape from poverty. But more classrooms and more teachers are not enough. We must seek an educational system which grows in excellence as it grows in size. This means better training for our teachers. It means preparing youth to enjoy their hours of leisure as well as their hours of labor. It means exploring new techniques of teaching, to find new ways to stimulate the love of learning and the capacity for creation. . . . . . . While our Government has many programs directed at those issues, I do not pretend that we have the full answer to those problems. But I do promise this: We are going to assemble the best thought

President Johnson does suggest calling on experts to advise the federal government.

Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010)

dealing with soft money and super pacts, legating the ethics of a law aboutbanning soft money and super pacts and the affects on the polical system

Article 2 of the Constitution outlines which branch of government, and gives what enumerated powers?

it gives the president (executive) the power to: -commander in chief of the army navy and militia of any state -execute laws/enforce laws -veto power on laws

Which of the following statements presents the most important limitation of the data in the graph? The time frame for the data is misleading. There is no information about the total number of state legislators. There are insufficient data points to detect a trend. The trend over time is potentially misleading and would be easier to read in a pie chart.

B. One important limitation of the graph is that it does not give the total number of all state legislators. It only gives information on the number of African American state legislators in the South. If we know the total number of state legislators we can better visualize the magnitude of progress on the issue of African American representation in the South. Or, if we knew the percentage of African American state legislators in the South, that also might be more useful than this data.

Which of the following statements is most accurately supported by the data in the table? President Clinton greatly reduced the use of presidential signing statements compared with his predecessors. While President George W. Bush issued fewer signing statements than President Clinton, his included more objections than President Clinton's. President Clinton's brief access to the power of the line-item veto allowed him to issue fewer signing statements that raised concerns about legislation. President George W. Bush was forced to issue more signing statements as a direct result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

B. President George W. Bush did issue fewer signing statements, but his included 127 objections, as opposed to President Clinton's 70.

On February 9, 2016, President Barack Obama released his budget proposal for the 2017 fiscal year. Facing a Republican Congress, many declared the plan "dead on arrival." Among the cited issues was Obama's request for $582.7 billion in discretionary spending for defense, which many Republicans believed was not enough. Which of the following most accurately explains the interaction between the president and the Congress regarding the defense budget The Congress has the enumerated power to raise revenue, but it is forced to work with the president because the president has the power to determine spending for each department in the upcoming fiscal year. The president can create a budget for defense spending, but Congress has the power to execute laws and operate the government, which can affect how much money is actually spent. Congress passes a budget for the entire federal government, including defens but it mu

C. In the scenario, President Obama released a budget proposal, an annual report that outlines the president's advice to Congress on how to fund the federal government. However, all appropriations bills must be introduced by a member of Congress; they are then sent to a committee and eventually voted on in both chambers. This gives Congress considerable power in the budget process. Some consideration, however, usually needs to be given to the president's proposal, since budget bills can be vetoed.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a member of Congress supporting pork-barrel legislation? A senator from a coal-producing state voting against a job-training program for coal miners A member of the House voting for urban renewal in exchange for increased funding for roads A senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state A member of the House Armed Services Committee marking up a bill that will increase funding for military bases

C. Pork-barrel legislation is characterized as the appropriation of government funds for local projects that serve a representative's constituents. Therefore, a senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state is an illustration of this concept.

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the increase in the number of southern African American state legislators between 1960 and 1992 as shown in the graph? The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Nineteenth Amendment

C. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it illegal to discriminate against African Americans in polling places in the South, which is a likely explanation for the increase in African American legislators.

Which of the following accurately compares the formal and informal powers of the president?

C. The president's role as commander in chief of the armed forces is a formal power explicitly authorized in the Constitution. The signing of executive agreements with foreign nations is not included in the Constitution and is considered to be an informal power of the presidency.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a formal check on the power of the bureaucracy? A lobbyist representing the National Rifle Association refusing to meet with employees from the Department of Homeland Security The secretary of defense being called to testify before a congressional committee The White House chief of staff being formally censured by the president for publicly speaking out against the president's policy goals A federal judge being impeached for making legal decisions based on bribes

D. The Department of Defense is part of the bureaucracy, and calling on the secretary of defense to testify before Congress represents a formal check on the power of the bureaucracy.

A new president has been elected after running on a campaign of lowering taxes and reducing spending on discretionary programs but now must work with Congress to ensure legislation passes which achieves those goals. Which of the leaders in the diagram plays the most crucial role in shaping the legislation that the president wants passed? President pro-tempore Vice president Speaker of the House House majority leader

c. The Speaker of the House is generally the most powerful member of Congress. As the leader of the House of Representatives, the Speaker exercise tight control of leadership positions and has considerable authority setting rules and limitations for debate and voting on bills. In contrast, the Senate allows for more autonomy among members and has less strict rules on debate.