AP Gov Unit 1

The Department of Transportation will be given discretionary authority to create auto regulations.

Which of the following is likely to occur as a result of new legislation regarding automobile safety?

A decrease in congressional oversight as a mechanism to control the bureaucracy

Which of the following is most likely an effect of the trend in the line graph?

Public concern over the Vietnam War led Congress to hold more hearings to consider using the power of the purse to influence the conduct of the war.

Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the table?

The size of the previous year's budget

Which of the following is the best predictor of the Department of Education's annual budget?

AOC: unicameral Constitution: bicameral

Which of the following is the correct pairing of powers found in the Articles of Confederation and powers found in the Constitution? (house set up)

State governments prefer federal funding but do not want federal oversight over how the money is spent.

Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the political cartoon?

It occurs when the President takes no action on a bill for ten days during which Congress is adjourned.

Which of the following is true about the pocket veto?

Both chambers make use of a system of majority and minority whips.

Which of the following is true according to the diagram?

The poverty rate in the United States varies by state and region.

Which of the following is true based on information on the map?

It is rarely overridden by Congress.

Which of the following is true of a presidential veto of a piece of legislation?

It does not require Senate approval, but may require congressional allocation of funds for implementation.

Which of the following is true of an executive agreement made between a United States President and another head of state?

Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rule-making authority" to them.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between Congress and executive agencies?

Washington Warns of Dangerous Party Factions

Which of the following newspaper headlines best summarizes the excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address?

Block grants

Which of the following policies would the states most likely prefer according to the political cartoon?

The Supreme Court rules on a suit brought by an interest group that legislation permitting the president to launch military strikes without congressional approval is unconstitutional.

Which of the following political processes would best solve the problem regarding the system of checks and balances, as articulated by the author in the passage?

Congress could have members of the Department of Transportation testify before a committee to discuss the issue and potential solutions.

Which of the following possible actions illustrates a way Congress interacts with the bureaucracy to address the problem shown in the infographic?

Separation of powers is necessary to our constitutional system to limit the power of the three branches and guarantee limited government.

Which of the following principles of government is most related to the author's argument in the passage?

The president may have objections to provisions of a bill but does not want to risk Congress overriding a veto.

Which of the following represents a reason that a president might use a signing statement to express displeasure with a bill as opposed to issuing a veto?

The secretary of defense being called to testify before a congressional committee

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a formal check on the power of the bureaucracy?

A senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a member of Congress supporting pork-barrel legislation?

Congress giving the Environmental Protection Agency the power to establish national pollution standards

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates delegated discretionary authority?

The Department of Veterans Affairs rewrites its regulations regarding compensation and pensions into plain language that is easier for beneficiaries to understand.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of bureaucratic rule making?

Ideological divisions within Congress can lead to partisan gridlock.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates Washington's concerns?

The federal government can withhold highway funds from states that do not raise the age to drink alcohol to 21.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a solution for the problem of getting states to comply with federal government policies, as described in the passage?

A person wears a necklace bearing a Christian cross to work.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates an action that would be protected by the free exercise clause in the First Amendment?

A president announcing a major policy initiative via the Internet rather than calling a press conference

Which of the following scenarios illustrates how social media has changed the way presidents relate to the public?

A member of Congress votes to close a popular tax loophole based on the belief that the money would be better spent paying down the national debt.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the trustee model of representation?

A citizen calls a member of Congress to persuade her to vote yes on a bill.

Which of the following scenarios, related to the First Amendment, best illustrates the "right . . . to petition the Government . . ." ?

Article I, Section 2

Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution most concerns Madison according to the passage?

McCulloch v. Maryland and United States v. Lopez

Which of the following sets of Supreme Court cases best illustrates how views of federalism have shifted in the United States?

The president issuing an increasing number of executive agreements

Which of the following situations best reflects the author's concern about an "imperial" presidency?

President Reagan delivering a televised address urging a reduction in federal taxes

Which of the following situations is an example of the president using the bully pulpit as a tool for agenda setting?

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez (1995) ?

Because rural districts had fewer people, representation was unevenly distributed; thus, Baker was denied equal protection under the law.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the reasoning for the decision in Baker v. Carr (1962) ?

Most states in the South and West allow capital punishment.

Which of the following statements best describes the information in the map?

People are best represented by a few politicians chosen to voice their issues.

Which of the following statements best reflects James Madison's beliefs about political representation as expressed in the passage?

Like most businesses, the federal government has to seek out well-qualified and diverse job candidates.

Which of the following statements best relates to the information shown in the infographic?

Presidential power in foreign policy has expanded since the beginning of the twentieth century.

Which of the following statements describes the author's main argument in the passage?

The perception of multiple crises has led to the growth of an executive branch that is undermining the separation of powers in the government.

Which of the following statements is a correct implication of the author's argument?

The number of vetoes has generally decreased since 1945, but so has the number of bills passed by Congress.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the line graph?

While President George W. Bush issued fewer signing statements than President Clinton, his included more objections than President Clinton's.

Which of the following statements is most accurately supported by the data in the table?

Most presidents exit office with lower approval ratings than when they entered office.

Which of the following statements reflects a pattern in the line graph?

Nations with extended territory cannot fairly represent their citizens in a republican form of government.

Which of the following statements would the author of the passage most likely agree with?

The number of representatives in the House of Representatives from slaveholding states increased.

Which of the following was a direct outcome of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

A student wears a black armband at school to protest government involvement in a war.

Which of the following would most likely be protected by the First Amendment?

The secretary was confirmed by a party-line vote.

Which statement best explains the information in the graphic?

state-sponsored prayer violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment

With respect to prayer in public schools, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that

At the time the Constitution was written, laws in the states required able-bodied individuals to serve in militias.

The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Nothing better captured this constitutional ideal than the minuteman. Citizens had a legal obligation to outfit themselves with a musket at their own expense and were expected to turn out at a minute's notice to defend their community, state, and eventually their nation. Although each side in the modern debate claims to be faithful to the historical Second Amendment, a restoration of its original meaning, re-creating the world of the minuteman, would be a nightmare that neither side would welcome. It would certainly involve more intrusive gun regulation, not less. . . . Gun control advocates might blanch at the notion that all Americans would be required to receive firearms training and would certainly look askance at the idea of requiring all able-bodied citizens to purchase their own military-style assault weapons." Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America, Oxford University Press, 2006 Which of the following could be used as evidence to support the author's claim?

delegated powers

The president's role as chief diplomat is derived from

incorporation

The process of extending the protections of the Bill of Rights by means of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to the actions of state governments is known as

legislative oversight

The role Congress plays in ensuring that executive branch agencies are carrying out their legislated responsibilities is known as

the loyalties of cabinet members are often divided between loyalty to the President and loyalty to their own executive departments

The usefulness to the President of having cabinet members as political advisers is undermined by the fact that

the framers allowed the individual states to create voting processes and voter qualifications

Throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most African Americans were prevented from voting in many Southern states despite the Fifteenth Amendment, which extended the right to vote to African American males. Southern states were able to take this action because

Federal government only

To which level of government did the Bill of Rights originally apply?

separation of powers

When independent regulatory agencies make rules, enforce those rules, and adjudicate disputes arising under those rules, they risk violating the constitutional concept of

Federalism

Which constitutional principle best explains the differences in poverty rates presented in the map?

Congress Has Greater Control: Budgetary policy President Has Greater Control: Cabinet appointments

Which of the following accurately compares the powers of Congress and the president?

Calling on experts to advise the federal government in finding ways to improve public education

Which of the following actions did President Johnson suggest he would take to address problems in public schools?

The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws?

The fallen pillars

Which of the following attributes of the political cartoon would best represent the government's use of prior restraint?

Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government

Which of the following best defines civil liberties?

Those who seek to represent the people may be tempted to act in their own interests instead.

Which of the following best describes Madison's primary concern about representative government?

It prohibits Congress from establishing a state religion.

Which of the following best describes a purpose of the Establishment Clause?

Through the role of chief executive officer of the executive branch, the president can determine salary grades of federal employees.

Which of the following best describes how a president can influence the data in the graphs?

Both the author of the passage and The Federalist 51 assert that the structure of government helps control ambitions among the branches in such a way as to promote effective government.

Which of the following best explains how the view of the author of the passage compares with The Federalist 51 regarding separation of powers and checks and balances?

was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms

"The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Nothing better captured this constitutional ideal than the minuteman. Citizens had a legal obligation to outfit themselves with a musket at their own expense and were expected to turn out at a minute's notice to defend their community, state, and eventually their nation. Although each side in the modern debate claims to be faithful to the historical Second Amendment, a restoration of its original meaning, re-creating the world of the minuteman, would be a nightmare that neither side would welcome. It would certainly involve more intrusive gun regulation, not less. . . . Gun control advocates might blanch at the notion that all Americans would be required to receive firearms training and would certainly look askance at the idea of requiring all able-bodied citizens to purchase their own military-style assault weapons." Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America, Oxford University Press, 2006 The author's main argument is that the Second Amendment

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

"The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Nothing better captured this constitutional ideal than the minuteman. Citizens had a legal obligation to outfit themselves with a musket at their own expense and were expected to turn out at a minute's notice to defend their community, state, and eventually their nation. Although each side in the modern debate claims to be faithful to the historical Second Amendment, a restoration of its original meaning, re-creating the world of the minuteman, would be a nightmare that neither side would welcome. It would certainly involve more intrusive gun regulation, not less. . . . Gun control advocates might blanch at the notion that all Americans would be required to receive firearms training and would certainly look askance at the idea of requiring all able-bodied citizens to purchase their own military-style assault weapons." Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America, Oxford University Press, 2006 Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the article?

denying campaign reelection funds to legislators who oppose the President's policy stand

A President attempting to influence Congress to pass a legislative program might employ all of the following strategies EXCEPT

making a direct appeal to the public through mass media

A President may persuade recalcitrant members of Congress to vote for a particular bill by

ability to set specific guidelines after receiving a general mandate from Congress

A fundamental source of power for the federal bureaucracy lies in its

Delegate

A member of Congress votes in favor of a bill as a result of receiving many letters of support for the bill from constituents. Which form of democratic representation best describes this voting decision?

Supreme Court justice

A newly elected president faces a Senate controlled by the opposition party. Which of the following presidential appointments is the most likely to encounter difficulty with confirmation by the Senate?

Cabinet secretaries may develop strong loyalty to their departments.

Which of the following best explains why cabinet secretaries might not aggressively pursue the president's policy agenda?

The House has strict limits on debate, while the Senate allows unlimited debate.

A person claiming that the House can pass legislation with a simple majority, but the Senate is unlikely to pass legislation unless a bill has the support of a 60-vote supermajority is most likely to cite which of the following institutional differences as the cause of this trend?

regulatory policy

A policy that sets emission standards for automobiles is an example of

The establishment clause

A public school district implemented a policy that allowed students to vote on whether they wanted a student-led prayer to be read at football games. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate?

when it incites violent action

According to the clear and present danger test, speech may be restricted

presidential authority to raise revenue

All of the following are formal or informal sources of presidential power EXCEPT

The President can only fire appointees before they have been confirmed by the Senate

All of the following help to explain the President's difficulty in controlling cabinet-level agencies EXCEPT.

usually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the President lacks

An advantage that bureaucrats in federal government have over the President in the policymaking process is that bureaucrats

Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office.

Which of the following best illustrates the point being made in the cartoon above?

Supremacy clause

Arizona enacted an immigration law in 2010, claiming the legislation complemented existing federal law. The Obama administration disagreed, claiming the state law conflicted with national law. Which clause of the Constitution did the Supreme Court most likely use to strike down a section of the state law?

Limited government

Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution lists several powers that are denied to the federal government, such as granting titles of nobility and passing ex post facto laws. This best demonstrates which of the following ideals of democracy?

Government should be based on the consent of the governed.

As a compromise, the framers agreed on a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives elected by popular vote within states and the Senate selected by state legislatures. The direct election method conforms most to which of the following democratic ideals?

A bicameral legislature with an upper house representing each state equally and a lower house with representation proportional to each state's population

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates from larger states argued that each state's representation in the legislature should be proportional to its population. Smaller states argued that each state should have equal representation, regardless of population. The disagreement over representation threatened to derail the ratification of the United States Constitution. Which statement accurately describes the compromise that led to both sides reaching agreement?

Created a one-person, one-vote standard for reviewing congressional districts.

Which of the following best reflects the holding in the case Baker v. Carr (1962) ?

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Which of the following cases decided whether a state could compel children to attend school beyond eighth grade even if it violated the students' sincerely held religious beliefs?

As a practical matter, the laws of the national government ought to have supremacy over state laws.

Based on The Federalist 21, which of the following arguments about government would Hamilton likely agree with?

An increase in gridlock and failure to compromise on legislation

Based on the data, which of the following is the most likely consequence for the legislative process in Congress?

Congress insisting that it declare war prior to the use of international force

Based on the passage above, which of the following constitutional provisions would the author most likely identify as a solution to the problem of the imperial presidency?

The role of the minority leader in both the House of Representatives and the Senate is to coordinate a strategy for the minority party.

Based on your knowledge and the diagram, which of the following is true regarding the leadership structure of Congress?

believed a centralized government posed a major threat to individual rights

Brutus was an example of an Anti-Federalist because he

The relationship between the federal and state governments evolves over time and flexible enough to permit new forms of interaction.

By using the phrase "creative federalism," President Johnson is most likely referring to which of the following features of the American system?

The President can dismiss cabinet officers, but not commissioners of independent regulatory agencies.

Cabinet departments differ from independent regulatory agencies in which of the following ways?

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Which of the following cases examined a state law that required all children to attend school through the twelfth grade in order to promote the general welfare of its citizens?

They make it possible for the states and the national government to simultaneously exercise influence in the same areas of public policy.

Concurrent powers have which of the following effects on the United States political system?

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Which of the following cases expanded the powers of Congress by defining the necessary and proper clause more broadly?

Federalism

Which of the following constitutional principles best explains why there is variation among states on the use of capital punishment?

Controlling an executive agency's annual budget

Congress is most likely to exert oversight of the executive bureaucracy in which of the following ways?

exercise some control over executive agencies

Congressional oversight refers to the power of Congress to

the weak nature of political parties hampers the president's ability to control Congress

Even with large majorities of their own party in Congress, presidents experience difficulty in exercising legislative leadership because

modern presidents often try to avoid legislative checks and balances on their authority

Executive agreements have been cited as evidence that

In foreign affairs rather than in domestic affairs

Generally, when is a president more likely to get congressional approval of proposed policies?

Pocket veto

If Congress adjourns during the ten days the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of Congress, but which the president has not yet signed, what is the result?

Limited government

In 1974, the House of Representatives approved a resolution granting the Judiciary Committee authority to investigate impeachment of President Nixon for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. Which constitutional ideal of democracy is demonstrated in this scenario?

Educational policy is not mentioned in the Constitution, which has created debate about the proper role for the national government in educational policy.

In 2005, the Utah legislature passed a law that allowed school districts to ignore parts of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), a law passed by Congress in 2001 that supported standards-based education reform. Utah did this despite the fact that it endangered losing $76 million in federal aid to Utah public schools. Which of the following statements best explains why Utah took this action?

If the procedural change had not occurred, Republican senators would not have been able to immediately invoke cloture of a filibuster.

In 2013 a parliamentary procedure was implemented in the Senate that allowed a simple majority vote to end debate on Cabinet member confirmations. Which of the following best explains how the procedural change relates to the information in the graphic?

Natural rights of life and liberty include the right to marry whom you choose.

In 2015, the United States Supreme Court decided the case Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which ruled that states must recognize same sex couples' right to marry. Which of the following ideals of democracy would the attorneys for the same sex couple most likely put forth as their argument?

It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation.

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), which of the following provides the legal reasoning behind the Supreme Court's ruling?

The Second Amendment

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated that, "[s]elf-defense is a basic right, recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day" and that an individual's right to bear arms was "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition."The quote points to which of the following amendments to the United States Constitution as a basis to limit state action?

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated, "that the [Constitution] protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense" and that the Second Amendment applied to the states through which of the following constitutional clauses?

Presidents exert informal powers when their policy agenda conflicts with that of Congress.

In November 2014, President Obama announced an expansion of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program through an executive order. The policy would protect over 700,000 more children of undocumented immigrants from deportation. Republican members of Congress denounced the order as an abuse of executive power. Previously, members of the House of Representatives had voted to defund the program. This scenario best illustrates which of the following?

By creating a large republic, the new constitution made it less likely that a faction could gain enough power to completely dominate.

In The Federalist 10, James Madison argued that the new constitution would help control faction by doing which of the following?

A large federal republic

In The Federalist 10, which of the following did James Madison argue would best control the negative effects of factions?

a single executive who can respond quickly to crises

In The Federalist 70, Alexander Hamilton states that "energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good government." In this statement, Hamilton is arguing in favor of the need for

regulating certain industries to protect the public interest

In general, independent regulatory commissions are created primarily for the purpose of

the most capable individuals would decide which candidate would be president

In order to appease both Federalists and Anti-Federalists, it was agreed at the Constitutional Convention that a group of delegates would be charged with selecting the president. This would ensure that

are personally loyal to the President

In selecting members of the White House staff, Presidents primarily seek people who

There was a lack of a national military power to address security concerns.

In the 1780s, proponents of the new Constitution cited Shays' Rebellion as an example in support of which of the following criticisms of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

The debate over the role of the central government and state powers is ongoing.

In the 1950s Southern states attempted to prevent integration of their public schools. In return, the National Guard was sent to force states to implement federal regulations. This scenario illustrates which of the following about the relationship between the state and national governments?

The framers made the amendment process difficult in order to protect individual rights.

In the early part of the twenty-first century, public opinion polls showed that a majority of Americans believed it should be illegal to burn the American flag. As a result, many members of Congress introduced amendments to make it illegal to burn or desecrate the American flag. However, these efforts have been unsuccessful. Which of the following statements best explains why these efforts have been unsuccessful?

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

In the majority opinion of a United States Supreme Court case, Justice Alito wrote, "we now turn directly to the question whether the...right to keep and bear arms is incorporated in the concept of due process. In answering that question, . . . we must decide whether the right to keep and bear arms is fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty." Which Supreme Court case is most aligned with Justice Alito's reasoning to treat gun ownership for self-defense as a fundamental liberty?

Participatory democracy and elite democracy

In the passage, Brutus is most concerned with the conflict between which of the following political ideas?

The federal government can pass laws that allow it to fine or tax individuals directly.

In the passage, Hamilton is concerned that under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government does not have sufficient constitutional powers to gain compliance from state governments. Which of the following is a way that the Constitution allows the federal government to address this problem?

using the media to set the policy agenda

In trying to influence legislation, the President is generally more successful than congressional leaders in

The Constitution distributes power across national institutions.

In what respect does the Constitution address Washington's concern regarding the "spirit of encroachment" expressed in the excerpt?

Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President.

In which of the following scenarios would a presidential veto most likely be upheld?

When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state

In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation?

Fourteenth Amendment

Most of the individual protections of the Bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's

authorization of spending

One of the formal tools used by Congress for oversight of the bureaucracy is

Congress can impeach and remove a president who is unable or unwilling to perform his or her official functions.

Which of the following describes a possible method that can check the power of the president who willingly violates the constitutional balance of power as described in the passage?

Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional.

Which of the following describes the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ?

administrative law

Rules and regulations created by an agency such as the Federal Communications Commission are called

Members of Congress could issue statements opposing the appointment but have no formal power to block it.

Shortly after the 2008 election, President Obama appointed outspoken and controversial House member Rahm Emanuel to lead his White House as chief of staff. The selection drew criticism from Republican leaders, including House minority leader John Boehner, who remarked that the selection "is an ironic choice for a president-elect who has promised to change Washington, make politics more civil, and govern from the center." Which of the following explains how Congress could legitimately respond to the appointment?

do not need to be passed by Congress

Since the 1970's, Presidents have made use of executive orders at an increasing rate because executive orders

Concurrent powers

South Carolina passed a law to increase the state tax on gasoline to help fund repairs on highways and bridges. The state tax is in addition to the federal tax on every gallon of gasoline that is sold. Which of the following constitutional provisions does this scenario illustrate?

Natural rights such as life, liberty, and property

The Declaration of Independence cites specific reasons for separating from British rule, including the British imposing taxes and maintaining a standing army without consent. Which of the following principles or ideas would these grievances be most related to?

Popular sovereignty

The Declaration of Independence states "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." This was a revolutionary change from the system of British monarchy, which was based on the divine right of kings. For which of the ideals of democracy does this quote provide a foundation?

make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to

United States v. Lopez (1995)

The Gun-Free School Zones Act made it illegal for individuals knowingly to carry a gun in a school zone. The Supreme Court determined this act to be an unconstitutional stretch of the commerce clause in

Deploy troops.

The President can do which of the following without seeking the consent of either the House or the Senate?

I and III only

The President's veto power is accurately described by which of the following statements? A President sometimes threatens to veto a bill that is under discussion in order to influence congressional decision-making. A President typically vetoes about a third of the bills passed by Congress. Congress is usually unable to override a President's veto.

interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government

The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the Court

The death penalty is not necessarily cruel and unusual punishment.

The Supreme Court has ruled which of the following concerning the death penalty?

bureaucratic implementation of law

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service will spend money appropriated by Congress to maintain wildlife refuges. This action is an example of

The Fourteenth Amendment

The United States Supreme Court has used which of the following to incorporate the Bill of Rights into state law?

Separation of powers divides responsibilities and authority between branches, which allows each branch to be checked by the other two branches to ensure accountability.

The author explains that the powers given to each branch "sometimes appear to swing like a pendulum" from one branch to another. Which of the following best describes how these shifts ensure that constitutional government is functional?

Congress exceeded its authority in the use of the commerce clause

The case United States v. Lopez (1995) struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act because

limit free speech

The clear-and-present danger test devised by the Supreme Court was designed to define the conditions under which public authorities could

A delegation of power from the federal government to state governments, increasing state and local sovereignty

The decision in United States v. Lopez (1995) reflected new ideas about federalism at the time that can be best characterized by which of the following?

Prohibits the setting up of a state church.

The establishment clause in the First Amendment does which of the following?

increasing presidential control over the legislative process

The expansion of the executive branch since 1939 has affected the separation of powers by

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

The facts of which of the following cases are most related to the political cartoon?

voluntary prayer by student groups before school

The free-exercise clause protects

The Declaration of Independence

The language in the first paragraph of the selection most closely parallels that of which of the following documents?

Delegated discretionary authority

The mission of the Department of Transportation is to ensure the safety and efficiency of the transportation system. The Department of Transportation has accepted public comments regarding the safety of automated vehicles in the United States in order to establish standards and guidelines for this new technology. Which of the following concepts is most related to the scenario?

The power to pass a federal budget

Which of the following enumerated powers would permit Congress to stimulate the economy by hiring unemployed citizens?

"The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;"

Which of the following excerpts from Article I of the United States Constitution resolves a problem described by the author?

"... [I]t is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconveniency of a democratic government."

Which of the following excerpts from the passage best describes the author's reason for opposing an expansion of the scope of the federal government?

The debt crisis of the 1780s which the national government was unable to address due to lack of authority

Which of the following experiences most likely influenced the perspective conveyed in the passage?

President Johnson is seeking to use the bully pulpit as a means of promoting his agenda on public education.

Which of the following explains President Johnson's motivation for the speech in relation to his role as the head of the executive branch?

Congress can pass legislation that changes the federal salary structure.

Which of the following explains an action Congress can take that would have the most influence on the data on the graphs?

Congress could vote to reduce spending on the Department of Homeland Security in the next year's budget.

Which of the following explains how Congress would most likely respond if it were concerned about the slight increase in spending over time, as indicated by the bar chart?

The Department of Transportation can write stronger regulations on freight volume.

Which of the following explains how the bureaucracy can address a problem shown in the infographic?

The United States has emerged as a global power, which has enhanced the power of the president in foreign affairs.

Which of the following explains why the author believes presidential power has expanded?

The supremacy clause, which gives the federal government supremacy over states

Which of the following features of the United States Constitution would most concern the author of Brutus 1?

Nixon Administration Goes to Court to Stop Pentagon Papers Release

Which of the following headlines is most relevant to the political cartoon?

Effective policy change among governmental levels and branches occurs with little long-term abuse of authority.

Which of the following is a consequence of the dynamic competition among branches of government described in the passage?

Constitution: Congress the power to levy taxes AOC: Granted states alone the power to levy taxes

Which of the following is a correct comparison between the United States Constitution and the Articles of Confederation? (taxes)

The Articles of Confederation allowed for the federal government to request revenues from states but did not permit it to tax citizens directly, whereas under the United States Constitution the federal government could tax citizens directly.

Which of the following is a difference between the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution that is a response to a problem expressed in the passage?

Presidents in the nineteenth century had to contend with congressional committees, which had significant powers in foreign affairs.

Which of the following is a difference between the power of nineteenth-century presidents and that of the modern president according to the passage?

Some rights are fundamental and should not be subject to majoritarian control.

Which of the following is a principle underlying the Bill of Rights?

Protected by the First Amendment: the right to burn a flag Not Protected by the First Amendment: Obscenity

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of rights protected and not protected by the First Amendment?

House of Representatives: Debate on bills is limited Senate: Debate on bills can be unlimited

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate?

House: The Constitution's framers intended it to reflect the will of the people. Senate: The Constitution's framers designed it to represent the interests of the states.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate?

Legislative checks to the judicial branch: Impeaching and removing federal judges Judicial checks to the legislative branch: Declaring an entire law unconstitutional

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the checks held by the legislative and judicial branches?

House of Representatives: Debate is limited Senate: Members can filibuster.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the rules for debate used by the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate?

While Schlesinger views centralization of power in the presidency as dangerous, The Federalist 70 views it as vital to the presidency's effectiveness.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the text by Schlesinger and The Federalist 70 ?

Special circumstances in 2005 and 2018 led Congress to approve supplemental appropriations.

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on the pattern shown in the bar chart?

The federal government had the authority to establish a national bank, and Maryland's tax was unconstitutional.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ?

The Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was struck down as unconstitutional because it exceeded the commerce clause.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the decision in United States v. Lopez (1995) ?

House of Representatives: Initiates all revenue bills Senate: Confirms presidential appointments

Which of the following is an accurate description of the powers of the House of Representatives and the Senate?

A large republic presents more opportunities for groups to participate, compete, and limit each other.

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Madison's argument in The Federalist 10?

Use the State of the Union Address to pressure Congress to pass a bill lowering income taxes.

Which of the following is an action a president can take to rally public support for the administration's legislative agenda?

Congress passing occupational safety regulations for the private sector

Which of the following is an example of Congress using its implied powers?

A rule may be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Which of the following is an example of checks and balances?

Holding hearings for review of an executive agency's activities

Which of the following is an example of congressional oversight?

The president threatens to issue an executive order for stricter gun control if Congress continues to refuse to take action.

Which of the following is an example of how separation of powers creates friction between the executive and legislative branches in the policy-making process?

The president announces the nomination of a cabinet secretary on the Internet.

Which of the following is an example of how the innovation of social media can influence presidential behavior?