AP Gov. unit 3 college board

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to bear arms was applicable to the states. -Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to support its ruling? A Executive Privilege under Article II, holding that the president is "commander-in-chief" B States' rights under the Tenth Amendment, holding that such powers were "not delegated to the United States by the Constitution" and, thus, "reserved to the States respectively" C The equal protection clause under the Fifth Amendment, holding that one cannot "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" D The doctrine of selective incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that state action limiting gun rights deprived persons of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"

D - The doctrine of selective incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that state action limiting gun rights deprived persons of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"

Under Roe v. Wade (1973), as originally decided, when may the state largely prohibit women from having abortions? A The state may do so at any time during the pregnancy as it is seeking to foster maternal health and protect fetal life. B The state may never do so during the pregnancy as the woman has an absolute right to privacy and to end her pregnancy whenever she wishes. C The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions. D Roe did not involve abortion rights. In the Supreme Court's view, it created the implied right to privacy, based on the "penumbra" of protections emanating from the Bill of Rights.

C - The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions.

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Based on the map and your knowledge, which of the following is a major difference between the issue of shield laws and the issue of prior restraint? A-The Supreme Court has ruled that shield laws are incorporated to the states to decide on their own, while the issue of prior restraint applies only to the federal government. B-The issue of shield laws does not apply to the federal government because criminal prosecutions occur only at the state level. On the other hand, the issue of prior restraint arises only in situations in which the president is invoking executive privilege to prevent information from being reviewed. C-The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, protections for journalists and their sources are not as strong, as evidenced by the many states with weak or no shield laws. D-The First Amendment supports freedom of the press, which requires that each state develop guidelines for shield laws. However, the issue of prior restraint is not incorporated to the states because it is not related to freedom of the press.

C-The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, protections for journalists and their sources are not as strong, as evidenced by the many states with weak or no shield laws.

The United States Supreme Court reviewed state-mandated racial segregation in public schools. The Court stated that the separate schools "involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other 'tangible' factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors [among the] schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education." -Which of the following rules or clauses did the Supreme Court use to address the issue of racial segregation in public schools? A The "one person one vote" rule in Baker v. Carr (1962) B The free exercise clause in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) C The First Amendment's establishment clause in Engel v. Vitale (1962) D The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

D - The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" speech, August 28, 1963,© 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., © renewed 1991 Coretta Scott King -Which of the following legislative acts best relates to the passage? Which of the following legislative acts best relates to the passage? A Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 B The Civil Rights Act of 1964 C The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 D The Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990

B - The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Students at a public university hold a peaceful protest to demonstrate against an increase in the cost of college tuition. Which of the following constitutional protections best applies to this scenario? A The First Amendment B The Second Amendment C The Sixth Amendment D The Ninth Amendment

A - The First Amendment

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" speech, August 28, 1963,© 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., © renewed 1991 Coretta Scott King -Which of the following explains the most significant long-term consequence of the ideas expressed in the passage? A Affirmative action was adopted as a measure to address long-term inequality. B The value of "all men are created equal" was reaffirmed both in law and in American political culture. C African Americans migrated to the South in search of the American dream. D Congress passed an amendment to the United States Constitution to include the notion of equality in American law.

B -The value of "all men are created equal" was reaffirmed both in law and in American political culture.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" speech, August 28, 1963,© 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., © renewed 1991 Coretta Scott King -The text in the passage likely inspired Congress to act based on which of the following clauses of the United States Constitution? A The free exercise clause of the First Amendment B The commerce clause in Article I, Section 8 C The reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment D The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

D - The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . Alan Yuhas, "The Right to Bear Arms: What Does the Second Amendment Really Mean?," The Guardian, October 5, 2017 -Which of the following best characterizes the debate regarding the Second Amendment according to the author of the passage? A The Second Amendment debate underscores the broader constitutional mission to balance the individual rights of citizens and the need for rule of law. B The Second Amendment debate has been clouded by powerful interest groups who are influential at the federal level. C The rights guaranteed by the Second Amendment, like those guaranteed by the First Amendment, require practical limitations, but striking the appropriate level of regulation has historically been a challenge. D The Second Amendment is viewed by some as an individual rights issue but by others as a states' rights issue.

D -The Second Amendment is viewed by some as an individual rights issue but by others as a states' rights issue.

In Roe v. Wade (1973), the United States Supreme Court used what provision of the United States Constitution to extend the right to privacy to women seeking abortions? A The due process clause of the Fifth Amendment B The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment C The equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment D The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

B - The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

A person accused of a crime cannot afford an attorney, so the state provides the accused with a public defender. Which of the following amendments in the Bill of Rights best applies in this scenario? A The Third Amendment B The Fifth Amendment C The Sixth Amendment D The Seventh Amendment

C - The Sixth Amendment

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools, finding that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -What constitutional clause did the Court rely most heavily on to reach this decision? A The due process clause B The necessary and proper clause C The equal protection clause D The free exercise clause

C- The equal protection clause

Which of the following cases involves a state law that prevents women who are pregnant from seeking abortions? A Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) B Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) C Schenck v. United States (1919) D Roe v. Wade (1973)

D - Roe v. Wade

Which of the following cases addresses the issue of mandatory public school prayer? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B Schenck v. United States (1919) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) D Shaw v. Reno (1993)

A - Engel v. Vitale (1962)

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court reached the following conclusion: "[I]n the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the [protections of the Fourteenth Amendment]." -What generally does the Fourteenth Amendment provide for? A Free expression and freedom of religion B Limits on unreasonable searches and seizures by governmental actors C Equal protection of the laws and due process D The right to vote for African American males over the age of twenty-one

C - Equal protection of the laws and due process

Writing for the court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), a case weighing whether or not race can be considered in college admissions, Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell wrote that " . . . Race or ethnic background may be deemed a 'plus' in a particular applicant's file, yet it does not insulate the individual from comparison with all other candidates for the available seats." -Which of the following legal concepts is Justice Powell considering in his statement? A The exclusionary rule B Selective incorporation C Time, place, and manner restrictions D Equal protection clause

D -Equal protection clause

Which of the following is a doctrine based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution that was used in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) to limit the power of states and protect the right to keep and bear arms? A Symbolic speech B Equal protection C Judicial review D Selective incorporation

D -Selective incorporation

The police searched a suspect's smartphone without getting a warrant and found photo evidence of criminal activity. After a thorough investigation, the suspect was charged and the evidence obtained from the smartphone was used in the trial. Which of the following amendments contains the Bill of Rights protections that were most likely violated in this scenario? A The Third Amendment B The Fourth Amendment C The Seventh Amendment D The Eighth Amendment

B - The Fourth Amendment

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . Alan Yuhas, "The Right to Bear Arms: What Does the Second Amendment Really Mean?," The Guardian, October 5, 2017 -The author cites the case District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) in order to A illustrate that the Supreme Court has incorrectly upheld restrictions on the right to bear arms B show that the author's perspective is supported by recent decisions made by the Supreme Court C illustrate that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment has recently changed D make the case that the power of government needs to be expanded with regard to the right to bear arms

C -illustrate that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment has recently changed

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a constitutional application of affirmative action? A A high school athletic program adds a women's basketball team in addition to its existing men's basketball team. B A federal contractor actively recruits qualified minorities and women for positions in the company. C A company providing a public service is required to serve all customers regardless of race or religion. D A person who cannot afford an attorney is provided one by the state.

B - A federal contractor actively recruits qualified minorities and women for positions in the company.

Which of the following is an example of affirmative action? A The president submits a report to Congress forty-eight hours after he deployed troops in an overseas conflict. B The United States Department of Education offers low-interest college student loans to all financially qualified students. C Harvard Medical School actively recruits highly qualified minorities and female applicants for its residency program. D The state of Virginia awards an infrastructure contract to the company with the lowest bid.

C - Harvard Medical School actively recruits highly qualified minorities and female applicants for its residency program.

Which of the following parts of the United States Constitution is incorporated to the states based on the ruling in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ? A "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." B "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated." C "No person shall . . . be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." D "[T]he right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

D - "[T]he right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) how did the Supreme Court's decision address state interests and individual rights? A It ruled that the state had an overarching right to compel students of all ages to attend public school through the twelfth grade. B It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students of all ages to attend public school through the twelfth grade. C It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free speech rights. D It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free exercise rights.

D - It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free exercise rights.

Which of the following cases arose from a state law that mandates public schools to begin the school day with the reading of a nondenominational prayer by a school official? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) C Baker v. Carr (1962) D Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

A - Engel v. Vitale (1962)

The case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the standard of "separate but equal" in American law. -Which of the following explains how this case relates to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? A Plessy established a precedent that was eventually overturned in the Brown case. B The decision in Plessy was used to support the ruling in Brown. C The "separate but equal" principle was established in Plessy and used in Brown. D The "separate but equal" principle was upheld in Brown but not in Plessy.

A - Plessy established a precedent that was eventually overturned in the Brown case.

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Which of the following states has the greatest protection for freedom of the press based on the information on the map? A-New York (NY) B-Missouri (MO) C-Wyoming (WY) D-Georgia (GA)

A-New York (NY)

In the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power under the commerce clause to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? A Both cases challenged the authority of Congress to pass legislation that addressed local segregation. B Both cases upheld the power of the federal government to ensure equal protection under the law. C Both cases decided that actions taken by the president to end segregation were unconstitutional. D Both cases were about the application of the Thirteenth Amendment to the states.

B - Both cases upheld the power of the federal government to ensure equal protection under the law.

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Which of the following statements is best supported by the information on the map? A-Some states are more interested in cooperating with the federal government than others are. B-Some states prioritize freedom of the press over criminal prosecutions. C-Some states receive more federal funding for shield law programs than other states do. D-Some states adhere to the exclusionary rule of the First Amendment more than other states do.

B-Some states prioritize freedom of the press over criminal prosecutions.

Housing covenants are agreements in the deed of a property that restricts the owner from doing certain things with the property. Some covenants prevented owners from selling to individuals of a specific race or ethnic group. In the case Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), the Supreme Court struck down racially restrictive housing covenants under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -Which of the following cases is most similar to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) ? A United States v. Lopez (1995) B Engel v. Vitale (1962) C Roe v. Wade (1972) D Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

D - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . Alan Yuhas, "The Right to Bear Arms: What Does the Second Amendment Really Mean?," The Guardian, October 5, 2017 -Which of the following is used as evidence to support the author's argument? A People in the United States agree that the Second Amendment protects the rights of the individual. B The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review to determine whether state gun control laws are consistent with the United States Constitution. C Historical records show that the Second Amendment was supposed to protect the right of individuals to own a gun, and not just for the purpose of supporting militias. D The Second Amendment does not protect an individual right, but was written by the founders to ensure that militias would have access to needed armaments.

c - Historical records show that the Second Amendment was supposed to protect the right of individuals to own a gun, and not just for the purpose of supporting militias.