AP Gov Units 1-5 Review

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great

"... [I]t is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconveniency of a democratic government."

While [opponents of the Constitution] admit that the government of the United States is destitute of energy, they contend against conferring upon it those powers which are requisite to supply that energy. They seem still to aim at things repugnant and irreconcilable; at an augmentation of federal authority, without a diminution of State authority; at sovereignty in the Union, and complete independence in the members. . . . This [requires that] a full display of the principal defects of the Confederation [is] necessary, in order to show that the evils we experience do not proceed from minute or partial imperfections, but from fundamental errors in the structure of the building, which cannot be amended otherwise than by an alteration in the first principles and main pillars of the fabric. . . . [T]he United States has an indefinite discretion to [plead for] for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either,

"The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;"

Which of the following parts of the United States Constitution is incorporated to the states based on the ruling in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ?

"[T]he right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

FRQ C: In recent years, social media giant Facebook has been criticized for allowing people to post hate speech on its site. Congress has held hearings on this, and the president has threatened to have the Federal Communications Commission devise regulations to govern Facebook's activity if it does not improve its own controls over hate speech and data leaks. Develop an argument either for or against regulations on social media companies. Use at least one piece of evidence from one of the following foundational documents: Article I, Section 8 of The United States Constitution The First Amendment of the United States Constitution In your essay, you must: ✓ Respond to the prompt with a defensible claim or thesis that establishes a line of reasoning. ✓ Support your claim with at least TWO pieces of specific and relevant evidence. One piece of evidence must come from one of the foundational documents listed above. A

-There should be regulations on social media -Article I, Section 8 of The United States Constitution: Necessary and Proper Clause -4th Ammendement: Data Leaks violate privacy and protection from unreasonable searches and seizures

FRQ B: The Miranda rule requires that all suspects be informed of their Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights before being interrogated about a crime. These rights include the right to remain silent and to request an attorney. If authorities fail to issue this warning to a suspect, statements made by the suspect to authorities cannot be used as evidence during a criminal trial. Develop an argument that takes a position on whether the failure to issue a Miranda warning should lead to information given by a suspect not being allowed as evidence in a criminal trial. Use at least one piece of evidence from one of the following foundational documents: Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution In your essay, you must: ✓Respond to the prompt with a defensible claim or thesis that establishes a line of reasoning. ✓Supp

-Yes -Fifth Amendment: protects individuals against self-incriminating -Sixth Amendment: a right to counsel -14th Amendment: application of the ruling to all 50 states (All states must do this)

Which of the following is a doctrine based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution that was used in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) to limit the power of states and protect the right to keep and bear arms?

=Selective incorporation

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to bear arms was applicable to the states. -Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to support its ruling?

=The doctrine of selective incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that state action limiting gun rights deprived persons of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"

According to the prediction of the gender gap, women are more likely to A) vote for a Democratic candidate B) support military spending C) vote for an Independent candidate D) disapprove of increases social spending E) cote for a Republican candidate

A

All of the following have resulted from the growing profusion of sound bites in news reporting EXCEPT A) the news media have had to narrow their scope of coverage because they have only a limited amount of material to broadcast B) the news media have increases their influence over the public agenda by selecting what material to feature in sound bytes C) the complexity of most issues is not fully understood by the electorate, who might as a result be misled about government actions D) the public tends to judge candidates by their appearance as much as, if not more than the candidates' stand on foreign and domestic issues E) politicians do not have to explain their views in much detail because most of their speeches go unreported to the public

A

The majority of journalists label themselves A) liberal B) politically apathetic C) independent D) conservative E) radical

A

Which of the following factors has a significant influence over the accuracy of a political poll? A) the wording of the questions B) the number of people in the sample C) the timing of the poll D) the number of questions asked E) the method of interviewing

A

Which of the following describes a visual limitation of the bar graph? A Even though the bar graph contains data from 1998 to 2014, there is no illustration of how spending is broken down by specific years or elections. B The bar graph lists only corporations among the organizations that gave the most money for federal lobbying. C The bar graph depicts only special-interest fund-raising during the midterm election season as an indication of the influence of money in politics. D The bar graph does not provide as good of a comparison as a pie chart would provide.

A Even though the bar graph contains data from 1998 to 2014, there is no illustration of how spending is broken down by specific years or elections.

Which of the following explanations describes the impact of Jill Stein's candidacy on the 2016 election as depicted by the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections? A Jill Stein's supporters preferred Hillary Clinton to Donald Trump, hurting the Clinton campaign. B Many of Jill Stein's supporters voted for Donald Trump because they believed that Stein was unlikely to win. C Jill Stein raised money from political action committees that would have supported Hillary Clinton, draining resources from the Clinton campaign. D The media gave disproportionate attention to Jill Stein, which led to a decline in voter turnout for those who supported Hillary Clinton.

A Jill Stein's supporters preferred Hillary Clinton to Donald Trump, hurting the Clinton campaign.

Which of the following conclusions is most supported by the data in the chart? A The Voting Rights Act of 1965 has significantly reduced disparities in voter registration between Whites and African Americans. B The gap in voter registration rates is due to a political realignment beginning in 1965 that shifted many voters in the South away from the Republican Party and into the Democratic Party. C Improvements to the voter registration system have increased the number of voters in the South, which has in turn increased the number of electoral votes in Southern states. D The percentage of African Americans turning out to vote in presidential elections has increased since 1965 because candidates are more willing to talk about issues affecting minority voters.

A The Voting Rights Act of 1965 has significantly reduced disparities in voter registration between Whites and African Americans.

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates from larger states argued that each state's representation in the legislature should be proportional to its population. Smaller states argued that each state should have equal representation, regardless of population. The disagreement over representation threatened to derail the ratification of the United States Constitution. Which statement accurately describes the compromise that led to both sides reaching agreement?

A bicameral legislature with an upper house representing each state equally and a lower house with representation proportional to each state's population

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a constitutional application of affirmative action?

A federal contractor actively recruits qualified minorities and women for positions in the company.

In The Federalist 10, which of the following did James Madison argue would best control the negative effects of factions?

A large federal republic

Which of the following best characterizes the general argument made in Brutus

A large republic is dangerous to personal liberty and undermines the states.

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Madison's argument in The Federalist 10?

A large republic presents more opportunities for groups to participate, compete, and limit each other.

Which of the following examples describes the core value of equality of opportunity?

A student gains admittance to a university solely based on academic performance.

FRQ A: Santeria is an Afro-Cuban religion practiced by 22,000 people in the United States. As a religious custom, members practice animal sacrifice rituals. After receiving notice that a Santeria church had announced plans to expand a church in the city of Hialeah, Florida, the city government passed four public ordinances forbidding the killing of animals if the primary purpose was something other than food consumption. In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah (1993), in a unanimous decision, the United States Supreme Court struck down the local ordinances as a violation of the United States Constitution. The Court stated that even though the language of the ordinances did not specifically mention the Santeria religion, they were clearly designed to target the Santeria faith and its practices. After reading the passage, respond to A, B, and C below. A-Identify the constitutional clause that is the focus of both Wis

A-Free Exercise Clause B-In both cases, the court ruled that the free exercise clause was violated. C-*The Supreme Court focuses on correcting errors made in lower courts and therefore holds no trials. Rulings made in state supreme courts are normally binding. However, when questions are raised regarding consistency with the U.S. Constitution, matters may be appealed directly to the United States Supreme Court.

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Which of the following states has the greatest protection for freedom of the press based on the information on the map? A-New York (NY) B-Missouri (MO) C-Wyoming (WY) D-Georgia (GA)

A-New York (NY)

Politicians usually pay attention to public opinion as reported in polls to A) decide whether to change party affiliation B) shape their platform for the next election C) form coalitions in Congress D) know if they should run for reelection E) solicit campaign contributions

B

Which of the following is a significant political consequence of the trend toward investigative journalism? A) The job requirements for becoming a journalist are now more stringent B) Public attention is focused more on scandal than on political issues C) Americans are better informed than they were in the decades before television D) The public now gets most of its information from television news sources E) Americans are now more likely to think critically about political issues

B

Which of the following quotes from the Federalist Papers best supports the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ? A "But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society." B "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire. . . . But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency." C "If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you

B "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire. . . . But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency."

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the table? A Voter suppression did not occur in the Midwest in 1965. B Barriers to registration existed in all of the states in the table but were most significant in Mississippi. C The increase in voting registration among African Americans likely reduced the incentive for White citizens to register. D States with the highest African American registration rates in 1965 had the lowest rates in 2004 because there were fewer new voters to register.

B Barriers to registration existed in all of the states in the table but were most significant in Mississippi.

Increases in the amount of money spent on national defense and security contracts, such as those that occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the subsequent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, would most likely have which of the following consequences? A There would be an increase in the number of ideological social movements that seek to influence the federal budget. B Defense contractors would increase their lobbying efforts in order to improve their chances of winning a contract. C A single-issue group would form to take out political ads opposing increased federal spending. D A political party realignment would occur, shifting more voters into the Democratic Party.

B Defense contractors would increase their lobbying efforts in order to improve their chances of winning a contract.

A Pentagon contractor named Daniel Ellsberg stole a report, which later became known as the Pentagon Papers. The report had classified information about the conduct of the war in Vietnam. He gave this report to several major media outlets. The government tried to use prior restraint to prevent the outlets from publishing these excerpts. The Court allowed the media outlets to publish the excerpts in which of the following cases? A Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) B New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) D Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

B New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Which of the following best demonstrates how political parties serve as linkage institutions? A Party leaders organize a legislative agenda and work to gain support from members to pass bills. B Parties may organize activities to identify supporters, increase registration, and get out the vote. C Parties establish interest groups to promote a specific issue. D Parties adapt over time to social changes and sometimes adopt new positions on issues.

B Parties may organize activities to identify supporters, increase registration, and get out the vote.

Which of the following best explains the role of parties in Congress? A Parties form to facilitate elections and have little influence on the structure and function of legislatures. B Parties organize government by selecting chamber leadership and determining committee membership. C Parties raise money to fund spending on important bills in Congress. D Parties determine the presidential primary schedule.

B Parties organize government by selecting chamber leadership and determining committee membership.

A citizen cast her vote for the candidate in a congressional election based on the candidate's promise to reform the health care system. Which voting behavior model best characterizes the citizen's choice? A Party-line voting B Prospective voting C Rational-choice voting D Retrospective voting

B Prospective voting

A voter has seen his income increase by 3% over the past four years. He is encouraged that unemployment is down and the price of gas has remained relatively low. On Election Day, by voting for the incumbent presidential candidate, he has engaged in which type of voting? A Rational-choice voting B Retrospective voting C Prospective voting D Party-line voting

B Retrospective voting

For decades, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has worked closely with members of Congress to successfully curtail the capacity of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to regulate firearms and track gun crimes. Which of the following statements best explains how the NRA maintains its influence in Washington? A Other interest groups do not spend time lobbying federal officeholders and bureaucrats on gun rights issues. B The National Rifle Association outspends its competitors in all elections and stages of policy making. C Bureaucratic agencies serve the needs of competing interest groups equally at the federal level. D The president alone determines spending allocations and favors bureaucratic discretion in all matters.

B The National Rifle Association outspends its competitors in all elections and stages of policy making.

What do the data in the bar graph indicate about how Gary Johnson's candidacy affected the 2016 election? A The data in the bar graph illustrate that Gary Johnson's candidacy likely increased voter turnout because people were excited about his candidacy. B The data in the bar graph show that since Gary Johnson's supporters were split between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, his candidacy did not have an impact on the outcome of the election. C The data in the bar graph illustrate that Gary Johnson's focus on getting his name on the ballot in swing states helped Hillary Clinton's election effort in those swing states. D The data in the chart show that Gary Johnson attracted mostly voters who leaned toward Donald Trump, which could have helped him win the popular vote.

B The data in the bar graph show that since Gary Johnson's supporters were split between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, his candidacy did not have an impact on the outcome of the election.

In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and labor unions could spend unlimited amounts of money on political advertising. Which of the following was the basis for the Court's ruling? A The freedom of assembly in the First Amendment B The freedom of speech in the First Amendment C The due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment D The equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment

B The freedom of speech in the First Amendment

[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates

B The rise of candidate-centered campaigns

If one were interested in showing how much certain industries spend on lobbying, the best way to change the visual would be to A exclude the Chamber of Commerce from the data and draw a pie chart B categorize the data by industry group and combine the data so that a bar represents each group C change to a line graph with the x-axis (horizontal) displaying industry group and the y-axis (vertical) showing total money spent on lobbying D create a table showing the money spent by the Chamber of Commerce for each year from 1998 through 2014

B categorize the data by industry group and combine the data so that a bar represents each group

[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates

B) Using social media tools to target different demographic and political groups with messages designed to appeal to them

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Which of the following statements is best supported by the information on the map? A-Some states are more interested in cooperating with the federal government than others are. B-Some states prioritize freedom of the press over criminal prosecutions. C-Some states receive more federal funding for shield law programs than other states do. D-Some states adhere to the exclusionary rule of the First Amendment more than other states do.

B-Some states prioritize freedom of the press over criminal prosecutions.

In the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power under the commerce clause to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Both cases upheld the power of the federal government to ensure equal protection under the law.

Housing covenants are agreements in the deed of a property that restricts the owner from doing certain things with the property. Some covenants prevented owners from selling to individuals of a specific race or ethnic group. In the case Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), the Supreme Court struck down racially restrictive housing covenants under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -Which of the following cases is most similar to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) ?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

One reason that minority groups are more likely to favor liberal policies is that they A) have highly developed political knowledge B) typically pay more in federal income taxes C) have benefited from federal social programs in the past D) have a greater distrust of government E) usually belong to a high socioeconomic class

C

Senior citizens are the most politically active age group of Americans for which of the following reasons? I. They have had more experiences from which to form their political beliefs and reinforce their ideology II. They have more disposable income with which they can influence politicians through campaign contributions III. They are the largest age group, and therefore an attractive voting bloc for candidates IV. Enrollment programs such as Social Security require recipients to vote A) I only B) III only C) I and III only D) II and IV only E) II, III, and IV only

C

Which of the following statements are true about the media's agenda-setting function? I. Media outlets choose which stories to cover based on which ones are likely to receive high ratings II. By focusing on stories that attract public attention, the media can force politicians to confront issues that they might not have otherwise addressed III. The media have become less influential over the political agenda in the past few decades IV. The Federal Communications Commission is primarily responsible for determining the content of the news V. The government has a significant amount of influence over the political agenda presented in the media because most news is gathered from official sources A) I and II only B) IV and V only C) I, II, and V only D) II, III, and IV only E) I, IV, and V only

C

Young Americans are the least political active group for all the following reasons EXCEPT A) they have little political experience B) they are not likely to watch the news or read newspapers C) they have been taught to distrust the government D) they have not developed a sense of what they need from government E) they have not witnessed the impact of governmental policies

C

Based on the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections, how should Hillary Clinton's campaign have responded if Jill Stein's support in the polls had increased significantly as Election Day approached? A By attempting to draw sharp contrasts between Clinton and Stein on issues important to voters B By increasing its focus on winning voters in states where Trump was ahead by large margins C By adopting positions on issues similar to Stein's in an attempt to win over those voters before the election D By positioning itself ideologically as somewhere between Trump and Johnson

C By adopting positions on issues similar to Stein's in an attempt to win over those voters before the election

Which of the following scenarios best represents the model for party-line voting? A A citizen votes for the candidate who has promised to help her business. B A citizen votes for the incumbent candidate because his income has increased over the past two years. C Despite not recognizing the name, a candidate votes for the Democratic Party candidate because he is a Democrat. D A citizen who owns a lot of property bases her vote on the candidate's promise to lower property taxes.

C Despite not recognizing the name, a candidate votes for the Democratic Party candidate because he is a Democrat.

Which of the following features of the data displayed make the use of the bar graph less helpful for a comparison? A The displayed spending is based on money for grassroots mobilization. B The data would better fit a horizontal rather than a vertical presentation. C The bar showing the spending for the Chamber of Commerce makes comparisons with the other groups more difficult. D The group or corporation that gave the most money between 1998 and 2014 is difficult to portray visually.

C The bar showing the spending for the Chamber of Commerce makes comparisons with the other groups more difficult.

Shield laws protect journalists' right to refuse to testify against their sources while gathering information in their role as journalists. There is no shield law at the federal level. Based on the map and your knowledge, which of the following is a major difference between the issue of shield laws and the issue of prior restraint? A-The Supreme Court has ruled that shield laws are incorporated to the states to decide on their own, while the issue of prior restraint applies only to the federal government. B-The issue of shield laws does not apply to the federal government because criminal prosecutions occur only at the state level. On the other hand, the issue of prior restraint arises only in situations in which the president is invoking executive privilege to prevent information from being reviewed. C-The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, p

C-The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, protections for journalists and their sources are not as strong, as evidenced by the many states with weak or no shield laws.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the separation of powers is integral to the Constitution not to preserve the prerogatives of each branch of government but to divide governmental powers among the branches so as to keep power diffused—and thereby limited and protective of personal freedom. . . . Thus, even if one branch of government consented to ceding an essential power to another branch, such a giveaway would be unconstitutional. . . . Can the president legally use military force to attack a foreign land without a serious threat or legal obligation or a declaration of war from Congress? In a word: No. Here is the back story. . . . . . . [A] bipartisan group of senators offered legislation supported by the president that . . . would permit a president to strike whomever and wherever he pleases. The president would be restrained only by a vote of Congress—after hostilities have commenced. Such a statute woul

Congress can impeach and remove a president who is unable or unwilling to perform his or her official functions.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez (1995) ?

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime.

Conservatives are likely to endorse all of the following EXCEPT A) the right to life B) tax cuts C) deregulation of the economic sector D) social welfare programs E) defense spending

D

If a political candidate wanted to deliver her message to the most politically informed Americans in the electorate, through which medium would he or she be most likely to reach them? A) television B) radio C) mass mailings D) newspapers E) internet

D

Reapprotionment of seats in the House of Representatives occurs A) every 4 years after a presidential election B) when the minority party wins a majority in the House C) after every 4 congressional election cycles D) every 10 years as a result of the census report E) when the president requests it through an executive order

D

What is one foreseeable political consequence of narrowcasting? A) the print media will appeal to a greater percentage of the public B) politicians will have more freedom to act according to their own agent, because they will be able to avoid the public eye C) Journalists will be forced to concentrate more on political issues than on politicians D) The gap between the political elite and the politically uninformed majority will increase E) The Public will have less access to political information

D

Who is most likely to receive attention in the media? A) The secretary of defense B) the speaker of the house C) The Senate majority leader D) the President E) The chief justice of the Supreme Court

D

Which of the following is the most likely result of the changes in voter registration rates illustrated in the table? A An increase in the percentage of voters who support third-party candidates B The adoption of a system of fines and punishments for not voting in elections C Higher voter turnout during midterm congressional elections D An increase in the number of African American members of Congress from Georgia

D An increase in the number of African American members of Congress from Georgia

A popular news website obtains transcripts of confidential discussions in the White House regarding how the National Security Agency should collect private data of citizens. Even though the president urges the website not to publish the story, the website does so anyway because it believes the conversation does not reveal information that poses a risk to national security. Which of the following cases would the news website most likely cite if it had to argue the case that it can publish the story without permission from the president? A Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) B Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) C Schenck v. United States (1919) D New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

D New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates

D Political candidates will seek more data on voters so that their campaigns can create messages designed to attract different demographics.

Using social media, individuals are increasingly able to communicate their political views to a wide audience. However, some messages over social media have led to certain individuals being arrested for making credible threats. This issue is most related to which of the following cases? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B United States v. Lopez (1995) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) D Schenck v. United States (1919)

D Schenck v. United States (1919)

Which of the following best explains how political parties use party platforms? A Parties use their platform as a binding document that dictates how candidates in office will vote on issues. B Platforms are used to inform voters of how individual candidates within the party voted on recent public policy issues. C Parties use platforms as a means to raise large amounts of money from federal matching grants. D The platform is used to define the party's stance on political issues.

D The platform is used to define the party's stance on political issues.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 after running on the Democratic Party platform that included an expansion of federal programs aimed at pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. The expansion plan, known as the New Deal, substantially increased the voting base of the Democratic Party. As a result, the Democratic Party dominated Congress and many state governments for the next half century. The election of 1932 is considered a critical election because it A caused voters to abandon both political parties B replaced the two-party system with a three-party system C introduced a new method of presidential campaigning D changed the base of support in each party

D changed the base of support in each party

The decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) led to the creation of super PACs that can legally raise unlimited amounts of money and engage in electioneering with few limits. Madison argued in The Federalist 10 that factions, like super PACs, would not be detrimental to society because the Constitution A left most of the powers to local governments where factions are unlikely to form B placed financial limits on factions to prevent them from creating problems C created an independent judiciary that would prosecute those forming factions D created a large republic with many factions that would cancel each other out

D created a large republic with many factions that would cancel each other out

Which of the following explains how the role of government in health-care policy would be influenced if the policy proposal in the passage were to be implemented?

Due to the nature of single-payer health-care systems, the federal government would be responsible for funding and administering a Medicare-for-all system.

A journalist who regularly reports on predictions about the stock market would probably be on which of the following beats? A) White House B) Senate Appropriations Committee C) Department of the Interior D) Congress E) Federal Reserve Board

E

All of the following influence the way citizens form their political beliefs EXCEPT A) schooling B) the family C) religion D) the mass media E) state of residence

E

During a presidential campaign, the media focuses its attention primarily on A) each candidate's position of foreign policy issues B) the candidates' previous political experience C) the issues most important to the electorate D) the party platform of each candidate E) the daily campaign actives of the two candidates

E

Which of the following would occur if a minority majority developed in the electorate? A) Hispanic Americans would outnumber African Americans B) Female conservatives would outnumber male conservatives C) Asian Americans would outnumber Hispanic Americans D) Voters under the age of 30 would outnumber the Caucasian population E) The minority populations would outnumber the Caucasian population

E

Which of the following cases addresses the issue of mandatory public school prayer?

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Which of the following cases arose from a state law that mandates public schools to begin the school day with the reading of a nondenominational prayer by a school official?

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Writing for the court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), a case weighing whether or not race can be considered in college admissions, Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell wrote that " . . . Race or ethnic background may be deemed a 'plus' in a particular applicant's file, yet it does not insulate the individual from comparison with all other candidates for the available seats." -Which of the following legal concepts is Justice Powell considering in his statement?

Equal protection clause

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court reached the following conclusion: "[I]n the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the [protections of the Fourteenth Amendment]." -What generally does the Fourteenth Amendment provide for?

Equal protection of the laws and due process

As a compromise, the framers agreed on a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives elected by popular vote within states and the Senate selected by state legislatures. The direct election method conforms most to which of the following democratic ideals?

Government should be based on the consent of the governed

Which of the following is an example of affirmative action?

Harvard Medical School actively recruits highly qualified minorities and female applicants for its residency program.

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow b

Historical records show that the Second Amendment was supposed to protect the right of individuals to own a gun, and not just for the purpose of supporting militias.

Which of the following public policies would Democrats be most likely to support?

Increasing taxes on the wealthiest Americans

In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) how did the Supreme Court's decision address state interests and individual rights?

It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free exercise rights.

Which of the following statements are supported by the data in the table?

Liberals are more likely than moderates to agree that global warming is a crisis.

Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution lists several powers that are denied to the federal government, such as granting titles of nobility and passing ex post facto laws. This best demonstrates which of the following ideals of democracy?

Limited government

The idea of having a constitution, which includes a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances, promotes which of the following core American values?

Limited government

Which of the following cases expanded the powers of Congress by defining the necessary and proper clause more broadly?

McCulloch vs Maryland (1819)

Which of the following statements are illustrated by the data in table?

Millennials are more likely to say they have become more liberal politically over time than Baby Boomers.

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great

Nations with extended territory cannot fairly represent their citizen in a republican form of government

The Declaration of Independence cites specific reasons for separating from British rule, including the British imposing taxes and maintaining a standing army without consent. Which of the following principles or ideas would these grievances be most related to?

Natural rights, such as life, liberty and property

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great

Participatory democracy and elite democracy

The case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the standard of "separate but equal" in American law. -Which of the following explains how this case relates to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Plessy established a precedent that was eventually overturned in the Brown case.

According to the bar graph, which of the following statements is true about the influence of family on political traits?

Political party identification is about 70 percent influenced by family.

Which of the following concepts is most closely related to the passage?

Political socialization

The students mentioned in the passage did not have a strong preference in candidates or increased levels of partisanship, despite their exposure to civics education. Which of the following explains this type of political socialization?

Political socialization does not include the formation of political beliefs but rather refers only to the likelihood of participation.

Which of the following public policies would Republicans be most likely to support?

Reducing government funding to organizations that provide reproductive services

The data in the chart is too limited to support which if the following generalizations?

Republicans believe climate change is a priority for state governments rather than the federal government.

Which of the following cases involves a state law that prevents women who are pregnant from seeking abortions?

Roe v. Wade

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the separation of powers is integral to the Constitution not to preserve the prerogatives of each branch of government but to divide governmental powers among the branches so as to keep power diffused—and thereby limited and protective of personal freedom. . . . Thus, even if one branch of government consented to ceding an essential power to another branch, such a giveaway would be unconstitutional. . . . Can the president legally use military force to attack a foreign land without a serious threat or legal obligation or a declaration of war from Congress? In a word: No. Here is the back story. . . . . . . [A] bipartisan group of senators offered legislation supported by the president that . . . would permit a president to strike whomever and wherever he pleases. The president would be restrained only by a vote of Congress—after hostilities have commenced. Such a statute woul

Separation of powers is necessary to our constitutional system to limit the power of the three branches and guarantee limited government.

Using both maps, which of the following best explains how states without the death penalty voted in the 2016 presidential election?

States without the death penalty were more likely to cast their ballots for the Democrat, Hillary Clinton, in the 2016 election.

Which of the following explains how the scenario described in the passage relates to political behavior?

Taking part in civic education affects whether or not an individual participates politically.

While [opponents of the Constitution] admit that the government of the United States is destitute of energy, they contend against conferring upon it those powers which are requisite to supply that energy. They seem still to aim at things repugnant and irreconcilable; at an augmentation of federal authority, without a diminution of State authority; at sovereignty in the Union, and complete independence in the members. . . . This [requires that] a full display of the principal defects of the Confederation [is] necessary, in order to show that the evils we experience do not proceed from minute or partial imperfections, but from fundamental errors in the structure of the building, which cannot be amended otherwise than by an alteration in the first principles and main pillars of the fabric. . . . [T]he United States has an indefinite discretion to [plead for] for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either,

The Articles of Confederation allowed for the federal government to request revenues from states but did not permit it to tax citizens directly, whereas under the United States Constitution the federal government could tax citizens directly.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dre

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Which of the following parties would be most likely to support requiring voters to show photo identification when going to the voting booth?

The Democratic Party

Students at a public university hold a peaceful protest to demonstrate against an increase in the cost of college tuition. Which of the following constitutional protections best applies to this scenario?

The First Amendment

The United States Supreme Court reviewed state-mandated racial segregation in public schools. The Court stated that the separate schools "involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other 'tangible' factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors [among the] schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education." -Which of the following rules or clauses did the Supreme Court use to address the issue of racial segregation in public schools?

The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

The police searched a suspect's smartphone without getting a warrant and found photo evidence of criminal activity. After a thorough investigation, the suspect was charged and the evidence obtained from the smartphone was used in the trial. Which of the following amendments contains the Bill of Rights protections that were most likely violated in this scenario?

The Fourth Amendment

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow b

The Second Amendment is viewed by some as an individual rights issue but by others as a states' rights issue.

A person accused of a crime cannot afford an attorney, so the state provides the accused with a public defender. Which of the following amendments in the Bill of Rights best applies in this scenario?

The Sixth Amendment

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the separation of powers is integral to the Constitution not to preserve the prerogatives of each branch of government but to divide governmental powers among the branches so as to keep power diffused—and thereby limited and protective of personal freedom. . . . Thus, even if one branch of government consented to ceding an essential power to another branch, such a giveaway would be unconstitutional. . . . Can the president legally use military force to attack a foreign land without a serious threat or legal obligation or a declaration of war from Congress? In a word: No. Here is the back story. . . . . . . [A] bipartisan group of senators offered legislation supported by the president that . . . would permit a president to strike whomever and wherever he pleases. The president would be restrained only by a vote of Congress—after hostilities have commenced. Such a statute woul

The Supreme Court rules on a suit brought by an interest group that legislation permitting the president to launch military strikes without congressional approval is unconstitutional.

Which of the following best explains how the format affected the polls?

The closed-ended format limited respondents to fewer options, which forced respondents to focus on the most important issue of those options.

In the 1950s Southern states attempted to prevent integration of their public schools. In return, the National Guard was sent to force states to implement federal regulations. This scenario illustrates which of the following about the relationship between the state and national governments?

The debate over the role of the central government and state powers is ongoing.

While [opponents of the Constitution] admit that the government of the United States is destitute of energy, they contend against conferring upon it those powers which are requisite to supply that energy. They seem still to aim at things repugnant and irreconcilable; at an augmentation of federal authority, without a diminution of State authority; at sovereignty in the Union, and complete independence in the members. . . . This [requires that] a full display of the principal defects of the Confederation [is] necessary, in order to show that the evils we experience do not proceed from minute or partial imperfections, but from fundamental errors in the structure of the building, which cannot be amended otherwise than by an alteration in the first principles and main pillars of the fabric. . . . [T]he United States has an indefinite discretion to [plead for] for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either,

The debt crisis of the 1780s which the national government was unable to address due to lack of authority

In Roe v. Wade (1973), the United States Supreme Court used what provision of the United States Constitution to extend the right to privacy to women seeking abortions?

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools, finding that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -What constitutional clause did the Court rely most heavily on to reach this decision?

The equal protection clause

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dre

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following elements of polling likely created the difference in the poll results?

The formats of the survey questions are different

According to the bar graph, which of the following is true about the influence of the general environment on political traits?

The general environment accounts for about 20 percent of the influence on political party identification in twins.

Using both maps, which of the following explains how states with the death penalty voted in the 2016 election?

The maps show that states with the death penalty were more likely to vote for the Republican, Donald Trump, in the 2016 election.

Using both maps, which of the following best explains why support for the death penalty is concentrated in the southern and middle parts of the United States?

The maps show that the southern and middle parts of the United States have conservative views on social issues.

Which of the following explains how the passage could influence policy trends in health care?

The passage could convince more members of Congress to support Medicare for all.

A member of Congress is arrested and convicted of failing to pay the proper amount of income tax. Which of the following core American values is most relevant to this case?

The rule of law

Under Roe v. Wade (1973), as originally decided, when may the state largely prohibit women from having abortions?

The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dre

The value of "all men are created equal" was reaffirmed both in law and in American political culture.

The data from the two polls, which ask the same question, illustrate which of the following?

Those making inferences from polling results should understand the methods used by pollsters.

The Gun-Free School Zones Act made it illegal for individuals knowingly to carry a gun in a school zone. The Supreme Court determined this act to be an unconstitutional stretch of the commerce clause in

United States vs Lopez (1995)

Which of the following are supported by the data in the table?

Younger people are more apt to identify as politically liberal rather than socially liberal.

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow b

illustrate that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment has recently changed

Based on the twin studies data shown in the bar graph, which of the following political traits are most influenced by genetics?

political knowledge

In order to appease both Federalists and Anti-Federalists, it was agreed at the Constitutional Convention that a group of delegates would be charged with selecting the president. This would ensure that

the most capable individuals would decide which candidate would be president