Sociology of Sport
The classic embodiment of power and performance sports is
American Football
In the sports business journals ranking of the most influential people in sports business, the people most represented in the top 20 of the 2018 list were
CEOs of sport organizations and media companies
Most sociology of sport research on college sports focuses on
Division 1 Schools
Data on college sports indicate that
NCAA Division III has more athletes than any other NCAA division
When Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter with two below-the-knee prostheses, wanted to participate in the Olympic games, the court of arbitration for sport ruled that the international Olympic committee and the international track and field federation must allow
Pistorius to participate because his prostheses did not give him a fair advantage
When gender relations and class relations intersect in people's lives, which category of women is likely to have the highest sports participation rate?
Women from upper-income households
Universities in the US justify expenditures of billions of dollars on college sports because sports participation is believed to ben an educational experience for athletes. This belief is
accepted without independent research confirming that it is true
An impairment becomes a disability only when
accommodations are not made to allow for full participation in a situation.
Power and Performance sports emphasize that people reach their potential when they
achieve machine-like efficiency
In the example of how age relation operate in sports, it was explained that the organization of youth sports programs generally reflects
adults ideas about what children should be doing and learning
The dominate form of ableist ideology today is shaped by
ageism and ableism
Prevailing ableist ideology is based on
an assumption that all physical and intellectual impairments are abnormalities
When it is said that age intersects with other social factors in the sport experience of older people, it means that older people
are influenced by age combined with gender, ethnicity and social class
As they become older, people in the baby boom generation in the United States
are more physically active than previous generations of older people
Research indicates that "clustering" occurs when college athletes in certain sports
are over-represented in specific courses and majors
The sponsorship of power and performance sports is generally motivated by the idea that it is important to be associated with
athletes and teams who are currently winners
Given the current ableist ideology in North America, most social worlds are organized in ways that lead older people and people with a disability to
be excluded from mainstream activities
NCAA data shows that graduation rates for athletes are generally lowest among
black male athletes in revenue-producing sports
The belief that rigorous physical exercise
can lead people to conclude that poor health is a sign of irresponsibility
As defined in the chapter, social class refers to
categories of people who share an economic position in society
The populanty of power and performance sports is connected with gender relations because these sports
celebrate physical superiority
People in the baby boom generation in the United States are
challenging ageist beliefs and myths about older people
Some participants in an alternative sports resist attempts to make their sports more likely mainstream power and performance sports because they don't want
competition to replace creativity and support for other participants
Older people tend to prefer sports that stress
cultivation of the body rather than driving it
Compared with previous generations, people in the baby boom generations are more likely to
defy negative stereotypes about being old
According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci the people who sponsor activities that provide popular pleasure and entertainment in society often do so to
deliver messages about what should be important in peoples lives
The class ideology underlying dominant sport forms in North America involves the belief that
economic success is proof of ability, intelligence and character
When older people today say, "I'm too old to do that", they often mean that they are
embarrassed to show that they cannot do it as well as they could in the past
In the introduction to the chapter, the author explains that the future of sports will
emerge in uncontrollable and random ways
The author points out that "sports and other forms of exciting entertainment are culturally important because they can be used to
establish ideological outposts in the minds of people
Data on graduation rates among athletes at Division I universities indicates that
female athletes have higher graduation rates than males athletes
when people use the phrase, 'feminization of aging" they mean that
females in most societies have longer life expectancy than males do
when people play pleasure and participation sports, they are likely to
focus on their connections with other participants
Most countries, including those in Europe, do not have intercollegiate sports as they exist in the US college athletes in the US are often referred to as student-athletes, but when an athlete in Europe also attends college, it is said they
have "Dual careers"
Research that tracks students over time shows that in comparison with other students, the students who thy out, are selected for, and stay in school teams
have above average self esteem and cognitive abilities
Much of the research on the effects of playing interscholastic sports has been confusing because researchers
have no studied the identities of those who play in school teams
Research shows that when high school athletes as a group are compared with other high school students, they tend to have
higher grades and more positive attitudes toward school
Research on sport participation and social class tends to show that
higher-income people have higher rates of attendance at most sports events
After reviewing research findings related to student popularity and sport participation, the author, hypothesizes that in comparison with young men, young women in high school are
less likely to view sports as an identity focal point to their lives
The term "handicapped" is offensive because it
marks people with perceived physical or intellectual impairments inferior
Many people in North America believe that sports are
models of social equality and meritocracy
Social class relations are related to sports and sport participation because
organized sports and access to them depend on material resources
The gay games are an example of
people seeking an alternative to dominant sport forms
When tax money is used to build sport stadiums and arenas for professional teams, one of the main results is that
public money is transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations
When people who control money and economic power use their financial clout to organize and sponsor sports, they give preference to sport forms that
reflect and maintain their values and interests
At any point in time in a culture, dominated sport terms
represent the interests of people who have power in that culture
When sport in society are tied to an ideology emphasizing that success is based on the ability to compete against and defeat opponents, sports tend to
reproduce the power and influence of elite in society
The most logical explanation for academic differences between athletes and "non-athletes" in high school is that
school sports attract students with higher grades
Much of the difference between athletes and other students in high school is due to
selection in and filtering out process
Studies of people who participate in Masters sports indicate that they use sports to
simultaneously resist and accept the ageing process
A study done in the late 1990's found that young woman who played school sports had lower rates of sexual activities than other young woman, while young men who played sports had higher rates of sexual activity than other young men. This illustrates that
social factors influence the meaning and consequences of playing sports
When considering the future, it is useful to remember that
sports are social constructions
If power and performance sports continue to be popular, we can expect that
sports will reproduce ideas emphasizing male-female differences
The media help to maintain the popularity of power and performance sports by associating them with
storylines that resonate with the experiences of consumers
As defined in the chapter, social stratification refers to
structured forms of inequality that affects peoples life chances
Class ideology in the US is organized around
the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy
In general, the research on high school sports participation suggests that
the effects of participation depend greatly on the meanings given to it
According to the world health organization (WHO), definition of disability should be taken seriously because they refer to the connection between the features of peoples bodies and...
the features of society in which they live
Throughout the chapter, the term "class relation" is used to refer to
the way that social class is incorporated into our everyday lives
Pleasure and participation sports will become more popular in the future because
there are growing concerns about improving health and fitness
During most of the 20th century, older people were
told to take it easy and preserve their energy and strength.
Research shows that sports participation
usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity
Ageism is an evaluative perspective that leads people to
value youthfulness over other age-related attributes
Ableism is a perspective that leads people to overlook that
variation in people's abilities is a normal part of human existence
When people argue against interscholastic sports, they tend to emphasize that
varsity sports support a status system that privileges athletes over others
When comparing big time and lower profile intercollegiate sport programs it is seen that
very few athletes in lower-profile programs have athletic scholarhsips