Sociology of Sport

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The classic embodiment of power and performance sports is

American Football

In the sports business journals ranking of the most influential people in sports business, the people most represented in the top 20 of the 2018 list were

CEOs of sport organizations and media companies

Most sociology of sport research on college sports focuses on

Division 1 Schools

Data on college sports indicate that

NCAA Division III has more athletes than any other NCAA division

When Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter with two below-the-knee prostheses, wanted to participate in the Olympic games, the court of arbitration for sport ruled that the international Olympic committee and the international track and field federation must allow

Pistorius to participate because his prostheses did not give him a fair advantage

When gender relations and class relations intersect in people's lives, which category of women is likely to have the highest sports participation rate?

Women from upper-income households

Universities in the US justify expenditures of billions of dollars on college sports because sports participation is believed to ben an educational experience for athletes. This belief is

accepted without independent research confirming that it is true

An impairment becomes a disability only when

accommodations are not made to allow for full participation in a situation.

Power and Performance sports emphasize that people reach their potential when they

achieve machine-like efficiency

In the example of how age relation operate in sports, it was explained that the organization of youth sports programs generally reflects

adults ideas about what children should be doing and learning

The dominate form of ableist ideology today is shaped by

ageism and ableism

Prevailing ableist ideology is based on

an assumption that all physical and intellectual impairments are abnormalities

When it is said that age intersects with other social factors in the sport experience of older people, it means that older people

are influenced by age combined with gender, ethnicity and social class

As they become older, people in the baby boom generation in the United States

are more physically active than previous generations of older people

Research indicates that "clustering" occurs when college athletes in certain sports

are over-represented in specific courses and majors

The sponsorship of power and performance sports is generally motivated by the idea that it is important to be associated with

athletes and teams who are currently winners

Given the current ableist ideology in North America, most social worlds are organized in ways that lead older people and people with a disability to

be excluded from mainstream activities

NCAA data shows that graduation rates for athletes are generally lowest among

black male athletes in revenue-producing sports

The belief that rigorous physical exercise

can lead people to conclude that poor health is a sign of irresponsibility

As defined in the chapter, social class refers to

categories of people who share an economic position in society

The populanty of power and performance sports is connected with gender relations because these sports

celebrate physical superiority

People in the baby boom generation in the United States are

challenging ageist beliefs and myths about older people

Some participants in an alternative sports resist attempts to make their sports more likely mainstream power and performance sports because they don't want

competition to replace creativity and support for other participants

Older people tend to prefer sports that stress

cultivation of the body rather than driving it

Compared with previous generations, people in the baby boom generations are more likely to

defy negative stereotypes about being old

According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci the people who sponsor activities that provide popular pleasure and entertainment in society often do so to

deliver messages about what should be important in peoples lives

The class ideology underlying dominant sport forms in North America involves the belief that

economic success is proof of ability, intelligence and character

When older people today say, "I'm too old to do that", they often mean that they are

embarrassed to show that they cannot do it as well as they could in the past

In the introduction to the chapter, the author explains that the future of sports will

emerge in uncontrollable and random ways

The author points out that "sports and other forms of exciting entertainment are culturally important because they can be used to

establish ideological outposts in the minds of people

Data on graduation rates among athletes at Division I universities indicates that

female athletes have higher graduation rates than males athletes

when people use the phrase, 'feminization of aging" they mean that

females in most societies have longer life expectancy than males do

when people play pleasure and participation sports, they are likely to

focus on their connections with other participants

Most countries, including those in Europe, do not have intercollegiate sports as they exist in the US college athletes in the US are often referred to as student-athletes, but when an athlete in Europe also attends college, it is said they

have "Dual careers"

Research that tracks students over time shows that in comparison with other students, the students who thy out, are selected for, and stay in school teams

have above average self esteem and cognitive abilities

Much of the research on the effects of playing interscholastic sports has been confusing because researchers

have no studied the identities of those who play in school teams

Research shows that when high school athletes as a group are compared with other high school students, they tend to have

higher grades and more positive attitudes toward school

Research on sport participation and social class tends to show that

higher-income people have higher rates of attendance at most sports events

After reviewing research findings related to student popularity and sport participation, the author, hypothesizes that in comparison with young men, young women in high school are

less likely to view sports as an identity focal point to their lives

The term "handicapped" is offensive because it

marks people with perceived physical or intellectual impairments inferior

Many people in North America believe that sports are

models of social equality and meritocracy

Social class relations are related to sports and sport participation because

organized sports and access to them depend on material resources

The gay games are an example of

people seeking an alternative to dominant sport forms

When tax money is used to build sport stadiums and arenas for professional teams, one of the main results is that

public money is transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations

When people who control money and economic power use their financial clout to organize and sponsor sports, they give preference to sport forms that

reflect and maintain their values and interests

At any point in time in a culture, dominated sport terms

represent the interests of people who have power in that culture

When sport in society are tied to an ideology emphasizing that success is based on the ability to compete against and defeat opponents, sports tend to

reproduce the power and influence of elite in society

The most logical explanation for academic differences between athletes and "non-athletes" in high school is that

school sports attract students with higher grades

Much of the difference between athletes and other students in high school is due to

selection in and filtering out process

Studies of people who participate in Masters sports indicate that they use sports to

simultaneously resist and accept the ageing process

A study done in the late 1990's found that young woman who played school sports had lower rates of sexual activities than other young woman, while young men who played sports had higher rates of sexual activity than other young men. This illustrates that

social factors influence the meaning and consequences of playing sports

When considering the future, it is useful to remember that

sports are social constructions

If power and performance sports continue to be popular, we can expect that

sports will reproduce ideas emphasizing male-female differences

The media help to maintain the popularity of power and performance sports by associating them with

storylines that resonate with the experiences of consumers

As defined in the chapter, social stratification refers to

structured forms of inequality that affects peoples life chances

Class ideology in the US is organized around

the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy

In general, the research on high school sports participation suggests that

the effects of participation depend greatly on the meanings given to it

According to the world health organization (WHO), definition of disability should be taken seriously because they refer to the connection between the features of peoples bodies and...

the features of society in which they live

Throughout the chapter, the term "class relation" is used to refer to

the way that social class is incorporated into our everyday lives

Pleasure and participation sports will become more popular in the future because

there are growing concerns about improving health and fitness

During most of the 20th century, older people were

told to take it easy and preserve their energy and strength.

Research shows that sports participation

usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity

Ageism is an evaluative perspective that leads people to

value youthfulness over other age-related attributes

Ableism is a perspective that leads people to overlook that

variation in people's abilities is a normal part of human existence

When people argue against interscholastic sports, they tend to emphasize that

varsity sports support a status system that privileges athletes over others

When comparing big time and lower profile intercollegiate sport programs it is seen that

very few athletes in lower-profile programs have athletic scholarhsips


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