AP Government Unit 1,2,3

Antifederalists

Group of people opposed to ratification of the constitution & strong central government

Unfunded mandate

Requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements by the government ex: citizens with disabilities get

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by the national and state governments -Tax -Borrow money - Establish Courts

Inherent Powers

Powers which belong to the national government by virtue of their existence

Impoundment

Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated.

Bicameralism

Principle of two-house legislature

Amendment 18

Prohibition (of alcohol).

New Jersey Plan

Proposal @ Constitutional Convention by William Patterson of New Jersey --> central government w/ single house legislature with each state represented equally

Amendment 4

Protection against unlawful search & seizure; must have a warrant and/or probable cause.

State Rights

Refers to political powers reserved for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment.

Amendment 10

Reserved power of the states(any power not directly stated in the Constitution goes straight to the states)

Amendment 6

Right to a fair and speedy trial.

Amendment 2

Right to bear arms. State has the right to keep a well regulated militia.

Amendment 5

Rights of the accused: - no double jeopardy - due process - eminent domain - grand jury - no self-incrimination

Statism

Rights of the nation are superior to the rights of the people

Amendment 9

Rights retained by the people(whether it's stated in the constitution or not)

New/ Our Federalism

Ronald Reagan- Conservative movement 1980 -Devolution Revolution - States dictate what Federal does

Theocracy

Ruler claims to be divine; government imposes religion upon its peasants

Amendment 21

Repealed Prohibition.

Federalist #10 covers what?

factions

Amendment 27

Politicians cannot adjust salary until after a new term begins.

Amendment 24

Poll taxes are unconstitutional.

Connecticut Compromise

"The Great Compromise" - bicameral legislature w/ representation based upon population in lower house and 2 representatives for every state in upper house

Powers of federalism

-Concurrent powers(shared) -Implied powers(inferred from expressed) - Informal(not directly stated) -Formal(found or stated in the constitution) -Expressed('') -Enumerated(")

Powers only for state government?

-Establish local governments -Issue license - Regulate intrastate commerce - Conduct elections - Ratify amendments -Provide for public health and safety

Powers shared by National and state governments?

- Set up courts - Build highways - Tax -Borrow money -Make and enforce laws - Charter banks and incorporations

What conditions are conductive to Constitutional Democracy?

- educational conditions - economic conditions - social conditions - ideological ideas

What were our Founding Fathers afraid of?

- mob rule - tyrannical government

Why was the Articles of Confederation's so weak?

-No taxation -No national executive -No centralized government -No army or navy -No real communication -No money -Basically 13 separate states

Powers only for National Government?

-Print money -Declare war - Establish an army and navy -Enter into treaties -Regulate commerce -Establish post offices -Make laws to enforce Constitution

What're the types of federalism?

1. Dual federalism- National government limited, states have more power 2. Cooperative- levels of government work together(concurrent powers) 3. Competitive- National/state/local governments(compete for power/best way to do things) 4. Permissive- Federal laws come before state

How many minutes do you have to complete the essay portion of the AP exam?

100 minutes

Amendment 26

18-year olds can vote.

What must you get on the AP exam in order to receive college credit for the class?

3-5

How many essays are on the AP exam?

4 essays

How many minutes do you have to complete the multiple choice portion of the AP exam?

45 minutes

How many multiple choice questions are on the AP exam?

60 questions

What percentage of multiple choice must you get correct if you want at least a 5?

80%

What does Article 7 of the Constitution state?

9 out of 13 states needed to ratify the Constitution

Block Grant

A block of money that can be spent how the state/country sees fit

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office.

Divided Government

A government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls Congress.

Federalism

A political system in which power is divided and shared between the national/central government and the states (regional units) in order to limit the power of government.

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office.

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Executive Order

A rule issued by the president that has the force of law.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Amendment 13

Abolition of slavery and servitude (except prison).

Representative democracy

Government derives power indirectly from people who elect those who will govern

Amendment 15

All males can vote. (even male slaves)

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress "To make all Laws which shall be _______ and ______for carrying into Execution the [enumerated] Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."

Devolution Revolution

An ideology supported by Ronald Reagan. New Federalism is sometimes called "states' rights," which is a theory in U.S. politics that refers to political powers reserved for the U.S. state governments rather than the federal government

Federal Mandate

Are orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector. - A requirement imposed by the federal government as a condition for the receipt of federal funds.

National Supremacy

Article IV says that federal law is supreme. (So if the states and federal government argue, the feds win.)

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."

Judicial Review

Authority given to the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the other branches; created in Marbury v. Madison

Amendment 12

Ballots cast for President and Vice President. A "tie-breaker" will happen in the House for President, Senate for VP. Now we have a Presidential ticket with one VP for each President.

Plurality

Candidate has the most votes, but not the majority (3-party election)

Democracy

Government by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free & frequent elections

Three-fifths compromise

Compromise between North and South states: 3/5s of slave population accounted for when determining direct taxation & representing in House of Representatives

Confederation

Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law.

Writ of Mandamus

Court order directing an official to perform an official duty.

Direct democracy

Democracy in which every citizen's vote on laws and officials is counted

Constitutional democracy

Democracy where limits of political authority are clearly stated; idea of consent of the governed (can eliminate ineffective government officials)

Commerce Clause

Describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate money with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."

Amendment 17

Direct election of senators.

What does Article 2 of the Constitution state?

Establishes the executive branch of the federal government(which carries out and enforces federal laws) - It includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees

What does Article 3 of the Constitution state?

Establishes the judicial branch of the federal government -The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress

Amendment 16

Federal government can place an income tax.

Project Grant

For projects, but not necessarily for a specific purpose ex: research help

Amendment 1

Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech (RAPPS) -Establishment Clause

What does Article 1 of the Constitution state?

Gives Congress its powers and limits -Congress is the legislative(makes the laws) branch of the government -creates the two sections of Congress, which is called a bicameral legislature -The first is the Senate, which is made up of two senators from each state. -The second is the House of Representatives, which has representatives from each state based on the population

Funded Mandate

Government pays

Popular consent

Idea that the power of the government comes from the people being governed

Cross cutting Sanctions

If you do not follow a mandate, you may lose funding in any/all activities -Civil Rights Act of 1964

Virginia Plan

Initial proposal @ constitutional convention by Virginia delegation: strong central government 2/ bicameral legislation dominated by big states

Interstate Compact

Is an agreement between two or more states. Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution provides that "No State shall, without the Consent of Congress... enter into any Agreement with another State."

"The Federalist" Papers

James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton: group of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution published anonymously

Amendment 20

Lame duck amendment-President and VP should end January 20

Natural Law

Laws that exist outside and above all people and are discovered by reason (people should govern themselves)

Extradition

Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.

Amendment 22

Limits presidential terms to 2 of 4 years each.

Levels of federalism?

Local, state, and federal(national)

Amendment 14

Makes slaves citizens, therefore states must treat them as other citizens.

Shay's Rebellion

Massachusetts 1786-1787: started by Daniel Shay, rebellion of farmers protesting mortgage foreclosures --> highlighted need for strong national government

Categorical/ Formula Grant

Most specific guidelines ex: what food can be sold in schools, special ed programs

Amendment 8

No cruel and unusual punishment or excessive fines/bails

Implied Powers

Not literally stated but reasonably ________ - Powers of the US government which have not been explicitly granted by the Constitution but is ______ by the necessary and proper clause for the purpose of carrying out the enumerated powers

Articles of Confederation

Original constitution for the United States, ratified 1781

Majority

Over 1/2 of votes

Majority rule

Person with majority of votes will be elected official (greater number=greater power)

Constitutional Convention

Philadelphia, May 14, 1787: debated and agreed upon Constitution of United States

Unitary System

Places formal authority in the central government - A sovereign state governed as a single entity

Annapolis Convention

September 1786: Meeting of 12 delegates from 5 states (NY, NJ, Penns, Delaware, Virginia) that called for a constitutional convention.

Amendment 25

Sets up presidential succession- VP takes over if something happens to the President

Amendment 3

Soldiers cannot be forced to sleep in your house at times of peace, and a law must be passed during wartime if soldiers are going to be quartered in homes.

Federalists

Supported ratification of Constitution & strong central government

Colonies complained to King George the third of Britain for?

The passage of the intolerable acts

Executive Privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Preemption

The rule of law that if the federal government through Congress has enacted legislation on a subject matter it shall be controlling over state laws and/or preclude the state from enacting laws on the same subject if Congress has specifically stated it has "occupied the field."

Express Powers

Those powers of Congress specifically listed in the Constitution.

Centralists

Those who favor a centralized form of government(People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels)

Decentralists

Those who oppose a centralized form of government(People who favor state or local action rather than national action)

Amendment 7

Trial by jury of peers.

What is the main difference between the Two Treatises of Government and the Constitution?

Two Treatises- Life, Liberty, and Property Constitution- Life, liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness

Amendment 23

Washington DC has 3 voters in electoral college.

Amendment 19

Women's suffrage- Have the right to vote

Amendment 11

You cannot sue a state without the state's permission.

Cross over sanctions

You lose money in a category if you don't follow a mandate -Drinking age 21 lead to highways

What does Article 4 of the Constitution state?

full faith and credit: - people are entitled to the same rights from state to state and documents remain credible - states trust one another

Federalist #78 covers what?

judicial review & Supreme Court

Federalist #51 covers what?

separation of powers

What does Article 6 of the Constitution state?

supremacy clause: - federal law overrules state law - cannot push religion onto constituents

Ideology

system of ideas --> especially ones that form basis of economic/political theory & policy

What are the two biggest problems in our nation today?

terrorism and economy

What does Article 5 of the Constitution state?

the amending (changing) power; must have 2/3 from both houses and 3/4 votes from states