AP HUG CH 7 KEY ISSUE 4

yugoslavia rivalries

- 1980s: Josip Tito dies - 1990s: bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, slovenia left to become independent countries - 2006: montenegro leaves, serbia on its own - ethnicities fought for territory, many big ones not recognized

balkanized

descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonism toward each other.

genocide

the mass killing of a group of people in attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

yugoslavia

- allies after ww1 created new country to unite balkan ethnicities - yugo means south - seven neighbors : austria, green, italy, albania, bulgaria, hungary, romania - six republics: bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro, serbia, slovenia - five ethnicities: croats, macedonians, montenegrens, serbs, slovenes - four official languages: croatian, macedonian, serbian, slovene - three major religions: roman catholic, orthodox, islam - two alphabets: roman, cyrillic - one currency

ethnic cleansing in bosnia

- during yugoslavia: 48% bosnian muslims, 37% serbs, 14% croats - serbs and croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of bosnian muslims to break away from bosnia and herzegovina - this ensured most areas were ethnically homogenous - agreement reached in 1996 by leaders of ethnicities - bosnian serbs got 1/2 and were 1/3 of pop - bosnin muslim got 1/4 and they were 1/2 of pop - bosnian croats got 1/4 and they were 1/6 of pop

ethiopia and eritrea

- eritrea and ethiopia became a part of italy - after ww2, ethiopia regained independence and was rewarded eritrea - ethiopia dissolved eritrea's legislature and language unlike what the UN was expecting - eritreans rebelled and gained independence - eritrea and ethiopia fight over border - eritrea is multiethnic with strong sense of national identity - ethiopia is multiethnic with one trying to dominate

congo

- hutu/tutsi conflict spilled here - tutsis were vital in the overthrow of the 1997 congo president - Kabila became president and permitted tutsis to kill hutus responsible for the tutsis genocide - Kabila leaves tutsis and is later killed - son takes after Kabila, conflicts get more confusing and worsen

rwanda

- hutus committed genocide to tutsis and sympathetic hutus - began after presidents of burundi and rwanda murdered by unhappy hutu for attempts to seek peace - hutus consisted majority of population but tutsis ruled and turned hutus into servants - this was because belgian, who held control of rwanda for a while, only allowed tutsis better positions - agreement to share power signed, but assassination of president led to another genocide to tutsis

colonial legacy effect on ethnic conflicts

- many conflicts rise because the present-day boundaries don't match boundaries of ethnic groups - when african states became independent, the boundaries of new states matched what the europeans imposed, therefore som tribes were divided among more than one state and many grouped with different tribes

somalia

- overwhelming sunni muslim - divided among clans and subclans - 1991: dictatorship collapsed - clans fought to claim most land - US sent troops to deliver food and help refugees - islamist militias took control, but US refused and bombed once again - conflicts continue

largest ethnic cleansing

- removal of jews, gypsies, other ethnic groups to concentration camps - ethnic poles, germans, russians, others forced to move because of boundary changes

ethnic cleansing in kosovo

- serbia kosovo province was 90% ethnic albanians - under tito, albanians in kosovo recieved identity and autonomy - serbia was given control of kosovo in yugoslavia - serbia launched ethnic cleansing on kosovo albanians - serbia stopped after NATO launched air attack on serbia

hutus and tutsis

- settled farmers in rwanda and burundi - cattle herders in rwanda and burundi from kenya - speak same language, same beliefs, similar social customs

ethnic conflict in sudan

- south sudan: black christian and animist ethnicities resisted gov attempts to convert country into one nationality, north-south war ended with establishment of independent south - darfur: westernmost region, arab nomads (janjaweed) committed genocide to black population - eastern front: east fought with gov. with support from eritrea about profits from oil

balkanization

a process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

ethnic cleansing

a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region