AP HUG Unit 2 Tests (modules 7-17)

Silent generation

-1924-1945 -korean war, 60s civil rights movement -lived through GD of 30s -smaller bc ppl had fewer children in those difficult times -values hard work, frugal, consider law and rule important

Baby Boomer

-1946-1964 during post ww2 uptick in BR -economic prosperity & are on way or already out of work force -have own homes and accumulated considerable assets giving them economic clout -have significant impact on culture and economy

Stability Population Pyramid

-BR and DR are similar -population growth ~ 0, fairly even distribution -balanced pillar -ex./ US

antinatalist policy examples

-Egypt's "two is enough" policy. July 2018 TFR: 3.4 w/ pop growing rapidly. Want to decrease employment rate and improve citizens' standards of living. persuasion with maternal and child health care and cash support to poor -India: forced sterilization to slow growth, 1976, vasectomy booths, many died in riot or from botched procedures

criticisms of malthusian theory

-Karl Marx and Engels blamed poverty and starvation of evils of capitalist society not overpopulation which is the unequal distribution of the world's wealth -Malthus didn't consider human beings; high level of creativity when faced with scarcity -humans would not mindlessly reproduce to the point of resource collapse -attempts to curb our #'s likely cheat us out of geniuses who could devise creative solutions to our resource shortages -boserup and simon criticize malthus and believe population growth stimulates innovations and promotes tech advances and food production -they believe in boserup effect: an increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods created due to pressure from growing population

key characteristics of population distribution in South America and Austrailia

-Mid austrailia is full of forests and wild life (empty quarter) -The middle of Brazil has Amazon Rainforests which are not inhabitable

women's education and its effects on mortality

-access to health care and family planning services increase health and decrease mortality particularly in children and infants -education leads to better hygiene, nutrition, medical treatment and healthier babies and lower mother mortality

Political impact of population distribution

-affects political power distribution -every 10 years census grants 435 seats in US HoR among 50 states based on population change so representation remains fair -representation changes with movement -allotment of money changes with population

Thomas Robert Malthus' view on the future of the world's population

-alarmist -needs of growing human pop would exceed available resources leading to dire outcomes -humans' ability to reproduce far exceeds their ability to increase food production -pop will grow geometrically/exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically which is much slower than geometric growth -at some point there will not be enough food to feed pop (point of crisis) -more ppl = more workers = more food but eventually demand exceeds supply and inflation occurs which hits poor people harder than rich, limiting reproduction. once food supply is improved, this would increase people's standards of living and this would lead to renewed population growth, starting the process over again (misery)

neo-malthusian views

-believe humanity is heading relentlessly to a world of scarcity and crisis, and they argue that resource conservation may be the only possible solution to the limits posed by nature -we must decrease population growth through strict family planning programs and birth control policies -ex./ alfred russel wallace, charles darwin, paul r ehrlich

consequences of population distribution: disease and natural disaster

-both spread quicker in densly populated areas -ex./ malaria -disasters destroy and kill more in densly populated areas like floods and earthquakes

education level reduces fertility rates

-countries where female education is not emphasized have expectation that women are domestic child bearers and more feminine when they have more children. Often give birth until there is a son -educated women delay marriage and have fewer children -educated women are less likely to follow social and cultural norms -educated mothers want beast health/child care so they want fewer

reasons for unbalanced sex ratios

-cultural preference for males (like in china or India); aka androcentrism. premium is places on male babies leading to infanticide of female babies, "one couple-one child policy" -gender selective migration: Colorado is mostly make bc mining attracted male workers, Alaska also has more men -major military and ethnic conflicts: young men die more than women in war (ex./ Soviet Union after ww2)

gender roles and their affect on fertility rates

-culture!! some women are considered more feminine when they have more children and men seen as more masculine when they father more children -affect family size expectation and CBR will be higher

indicators used to assess women's status or autonomy

-educational autonomy (schooling) -access to health care -employment the links between women's status and demographic change are complex and affected by many other factors, including a country's level of development, religious, and cultural norms and traditions and level of urbanization -factors vary from one place to another

Millennial (Gen Y)

-largest in US -1981-2000 -better edu, hobbled by financial crisis (2007-2009) -rely on parents for financial help -committed to environment -internet and tech -populist/progressive

consequences of unbalances sex ratios

-male of marriageable age cannot find someone to marry -increase in human trafficking, sex trafficking, force manipulation, false promises to lure women into marrying strangers -increased kidnapping too

what trends and facts are causes for concern regarding ensuring a healthy and fulfilling life for the growing population?

-mass starvation is rare but regional famine has occurred many times (asia and africa) -malnutrition and hunger lead to disease and premature death -it is one thing to keep 7.8 billion people alive, but its another to ensure long and healthy, happy lives -over last 50 years, human pop has doubled (unprecedented in human history) -fertility is decreasing but pop is still increasing -almost all growth will take place in developing countries -path of population growth is not sustainable bc there are not enough resources for ppl in developing countries to achieve lifestyles common in most developed countries

how can a population's age structure help us predict future population growth?

-more children/higher BR= rapid growth -less children/ lower BR= grow slowly -high DR= pop decline

criticisms of DTM

-nonlinear progression (some countries regress from war increasing DR) and accelerated progression (countries like china dropped population so fast before they were fully industrialized) -wealthy does not indicate low fertility rate (nonlinear) since countries like oman have wealth from oil exports and high fertility -does not provide explanation for fertility and mortality decline, mortality decline is underlying cause of fertility decline in developing world

unintended consequences of one couple, one child policy

-politically changed family structure: burdens single children with taking care of 4 old grandparents and 2 old parents. if 1 child dies its devastating -unbalanced sex ratios: preference for sons, many illegally learned gender and aborted female babies. 30-40 million more young men than women--most skewed sex ratio 115B:100G. leads to no available women to marry and prostitution, violence, kidnapping -aging population: population is aging rapidly, growing old before it reaches developed status. to address caring for old pop, gov has implemented a social security system and built retirement homes, assisted living centers. Has 1.4 billion ppl and a LABOR SHORTAGE

Consequences of population distribution on Economic Development

-population affects demands for goods and services in a particular place and influences decisions of governments and private businesses -ex./ plan public projects, roads, schools, parks, firehouses, growing cities get coffee shops etc

Slow Growth Population Pyramid

-population growth slows down (BR is just over DR) -somewhat narrow base -pop will gradually age and meeting needs of elderly population is a challenge -ex./ china

stage 5 DTM

-rich industrialized countries -total fertility rate drops below replacement level of 2.1 -BR is persistently below DR -Negative RNI but pop still grows bc of immigration -labor force decreases which leads to increase in immigrants -natural decrease stage -ZPG was reached when decreasing started -later marriage, important status of women, family planning, good health -post industrial revolution

religious and cultural influences affecting fertility rates

-some encourage large families like Catholicism + Islam + Confucianism which may ban birth control -countries of these religions have higher fertility rates. -not always the case like Italy and Spain have a TFR of 1.3 and their population is decreasing even though they are very religious countries

Crude Death Rates (mortality rate)

-the # of deaths per year per 1000 ppl -total # of deaths in country in year/ total mid-year pop x 1000 -crude bc it relates death to entire pop without distinguishing btwn old and young (older ppl are more likely to die than young) -comparisons of CDR are only meaningful when those countries are similarly structured -developed countries have older pop and higher CDR

consequences of population distribution on Human Well-Being

-there are not really consequences -Highly populated areas have desirable conditions which attract people -ideas and culture spread quickly with bigger pop -though air quality may be bad, amenities in cities can be worth the trade-off

trends and patterns in death rates

-they are declining worldwide over last century as standards of living and medical tech has increased -Australia, canada, and US attract young immigrants and have lower CDRs -countries of sub-saharan Africa have higher DRs due to economic difficulties, diseases, and war not aging population -central and south american countries have lower DR and doesn't

China before 1970s: large families

-traditional Chinese culture values large families and desires multiple generations under 1 roof -high fertility rates (1949 women on average has 6+ children) -communist gov first considered population growth a goal and condemned attempts to control birth rates

what is the carrying capacity of the earth? explain how carrying capacity of one area might affect another.

-varies from one place to another and overtime it becomes difficult to determine for a particular region of the world bc it is affected by many factors like natural resources, standards of living and tech -sometimes one place can expand its carrying capacity by drawing on the resources of another place. carrying capacity of US would be exceeded if we did not import resources--including labor from other parts of the world

Decline population pyramid

-very narrow base, top heavy -low BR, neg pop growth -occurring in other developed countries: Japan, Germany, Russia, Eastern Europe, Spain

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

-when a country as the same # of births and deaths in a given year its RNI is 0 -if country maintains its TFR at replacement level of 2.1 dor an extended period of time, it will achieve ZPG -even when a country's population is stable under ZPG conditions, its age and sex structures may still change over time depending on mortality patterns of different age and sex cohorts which affect the economy and society -ex./ pop gets older, less working-age people, labor shortage slows economy

why do girls still get less education than boys in developing countries

-when parents have limited resources for child education, they will invest in sons because of traditional preference -in some countries girls' education is restricted -early marriage is common for girls in developing countries

Rapid Growth Population Pyramid

-wide base (like classic pyramid) -usually occurs in developing countries where BR is high

how does women's status affect migration?

-women without autonomy are stationary and burned without children and parents while husbands migrate for work -women with autonomy can seek opportunity like moving to cities to work

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

a measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births -many believe it is the best single indicator of living standards bc its affected by health, nutrition, sanitation, edu, housing, and access to medical care/medicine -declined considerably world wide since beginning of industrial revolution -today average IMR is 31 which is more rare in developed countries and more common in LDCs

China's predicted population pyramid 2050

aging pop, one child policy echo is seen in 65+ cohorts -consistent growth around 2.1 babies for middle aged cohorts -youngest cohorts are less than older, aging 3rd pyramid in image

Empty Quarter

areas in a country where you don't see people -factors: --too cold, too drive, too wet, too rugged, too barren --land farms, and climate, water bodies, disease, culture, economic development

Crude Birth Rate

average # of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring BR -total # live births in country in a year/ total mid-year pop x 1000 -relates births to total pop without considering the pop's age and sex structure. Both men and women are included in total pop even though only women of childbearing age can give birth -pop with higher # of women of childbearing age is more likely to have higher CBR

Total Feritility Rate (TFR)

average # of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15-49 years of age -more accurate bc it shows amount of reproduction in a country by focusing on the female segment of the population, revealing average family size and suggesting future changes in population structure -more reliable indicator for making regional and national comparisons and predictions

Physiological Density

average # of people per unit area of arable land -higher number means it is more crowded -will be higher than arithmetic density in areas where lots of land cannot be used for crops

women's health care and its effects on mortality

better health care lowers infant, child, and mother mortalilty rates -tech, prenatal care, post natal care, family planning services, etc

elements of population

births, deaths, migration

demographic transition model

conceptualizes how crude BR and crude DR as well as resulting RNI change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization -shows relationship between br, dr, and economic development -countries move from high br & dr and slow or ZPG to a situation in which the two rates are low and the population grows slowly again -4 stages: high stationary, early expanding, late expanding, low stationary, natural decrease -fastest growing pop is between stages 2 and 3 x- axis: time scale y-axis: Birth and deaths per yr/1000 ppl

pronatalist policies

designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth bc of very low fertility rate and associated population decline (expansive) -russia: putin increased child-care benefits and length of maternity leave. Local gos make "pay of conception" places to send couples to make babies and prizes given to those who birthed 9 months later--2007 -Denmark: "do it for Denmark" campaign boosted danish birth rates with ads but they used age and gender related stereotypes. 2014 -Spain: created new ministerial position in government in charge of motivating Spaniards to have more babies. relied on persuasion but some coercive methods. discouraged policies that empower women and forbid divorce or abortion. 2017.

economic development and fertility rates

developed countries have lower fertility rate than developing country -agriculture is main form of livelihood and child mortality is higher in countries with high fertility rates -they need more children to meet farm labor demand and guarantee some children survive to adulthood -also due to less access to contraceptives and family planning in developing countries

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

difference between # births and deaths in a given year -when expressed as % of total population -easy way to calculate rate of natural increase is subtracting CDR from CBR then divide difference by 10 -differences mostly result from variations in birth rate

generations

groups of ppl who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

List the 4 heavily populated ares or POPULATION clusters on Earth

heavily populated areas illustrate the uneveness in global population distribution -south asia, east asia, southeast asia, Europe

world patterns of dependency ratio

high child dependency in developing countries where there is higher child population -high elderly dependency in developed countries where elder population is higher

education's affect on fertility rate

increased women's education levels and work outside the home decreases fertility rate -these women have children later in life which causes less in a lifetime

countries with high fertility rates have...countries with low fertility rates have...

individuals with no children some very large families -remembering exceptions helps avoid stereotypes and be more geographically accurate

arable

land that can be cultivated

how might government provide incentives for reducing family size?

make birth control free, family planning clinics easily accessible -money rewards to families with less children

demographic equation

method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year)

China's population pyramid 2015

more old ppl, pretty balance m:f, aging population, echo from one-child policy, less babies

GI generation

oldest gen in US -born in 1924, lived through GD, fought in WW2 -small cohort

US population distribution is changing

our mean center of population is moving west and down -snowbelt (north & NE) --> sunbelt (South & toward Cali)

Nicknames of 2 camps when thinking of long-term population trends

pessimists: doomsters optimists: cornucopians

What are antinatalist policies? what is the purpose?

policies designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates (restrictive) -purpose is to decrease rate of population growth as rapid population growth is a factor that impedes economic development, strains natural resource base and negatively affects the environment -nongovernment NGOs advocate economic and social benefit of these programs

what were Malthus' positive and negative checks on the population?

positive: reduces population but causes widespread misery and pain negative: reduce # of births or include abortion, delayed marriages, birth control and celibacy. avoid natural urge to multiply, you can avoid miserable fate

population patterns in pre-industrial societies and the new patterns that emerged in the late 18th century in industrial era

pre-industrial: br & dr were both HIGH which means there was no population growth, farming societies depended on family labor which required high br, but poor nutrition and hygeine and low levels of public health caused high dr industrial era: drop in dr from advances in medicine, diet improvement, provisions in safe drinking water, improvement in sanitation, vaccinations, so life expectancy increases in industrialized nations, br doesn't fall quickly so population can increase resulting in rapid growth, as country continues to develop, both br and dr drop

epidemiological transition theory

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease 1. Famine, Pestillence, Lots of death - bubonic plague happened here -fragile society -low life expectancy -famine, animals, lack of medicine can kill you 2. Receding Pandemics + Less death - increase in sanitation, better food and medicine -life expectency ~ 50 yrs -DR does not decrease bc of urbanization (chloera spread through city water) -infant mortality decreases 3. Less Death by Natural Diseases and More by Degenerative Disease -live linger -more human made diseases or diseases that appear later in life if you live long enough to get them: type 2 diabetes, cancer, heart attacks -less naturally caused deaths 4. Fighting Degenerative Diseases - major medical advancements to delay degenerative diseases and prolonging life -ppl eat healthier, reduce tobacco and alc and exercise more -others become complacent 5. More Death? -disease starts to evolve which causes medicines to become less effective -debated -poverty--can't afford the medicine so they don't take it all and still have an infection in them leading to antibiotic resistant bacteria -globalization causes rapid spread of disease

population policies affecting fertility rates

some government policies try to curtail population growth -ex./ China's TFR (1.8) is mainly the result of strict birth control policies the country has adopted since 1970s -other govs are trying to boost fertility rates by offering financial incentives and long maternity leaves

women's participation in economic activities and its effect on fertility

sometimes leads to fertility reduction when women participate -may cause them to delay marriage, reduce ideal family size, increase family planning practices and reduce fertility

General population breakdown globally

sub-saharan africa has very high percentage of young population (developing in general) -many developed countries have aging populations/ high proportions of retirement aged people 65+ like Germany and Japan

Agricultural density

the # of farmers per unit of arable land, measures intensiveness of a country's agriculture -higher # means the more labor intensive a country's agriculture is -high arithmetic or high physiological density does not indicate high agricultural density

replacement level fertility

the average # of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time (2.1) -TFR < 2.1 in a long period of time will cause natural decline of pop bc deaths will exceed births

women's status. physical resources and social resources.

the degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large. -physical: land, food, money, material wealth -social: knowledge, power, prestige

natural increase

the difference between total births and total deaths in a country in a year which results in net change/ natural increase

population dynamics

the growth and change of the human population on Earth -births and deaths change its size

Population composition

the makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethic, racial income, and edu background -a country's age and sex structure, birth rates, death and migration are key components -also age structure, social generations, sex ratio, and population pyramids

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (15-64) must support -youth: # young dependents in population (0-14) that every 100 working-age ppl must support -elderly: # of elderly dependents in pop (65+) that every 100 working-age people must support # dependents/ # working age people x 100

carrying capacity

the number of people a particular environment on Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

sex ratio

the ratio of the # of men to # of women in population -# of men for ever 100 women

what migration patterns by women are being seen in china and how might that affect their status?

they are exposed to more modern values and ideas -more education opportunites and training -employment and income help them be more assertive and confident -make money to support parents, siblings, community

women's autonomy

women's autonomy is their ability to obtain information and make informed decisions for themselves and their families. Their increased freedom to make choices and shape their lives gives them women's empowerment

chinas population pyramid 1970

young population, balance M:F, few elderly

How is Population Distributed around the world?

~ 6.8 billion live in the northern hemishphere ~ 800 million is in the southern hemisphere humans prefer flat, low-lying areas

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people -New York, London

Stage 2 of DTM

Early Expanding -disease, famine, low medical knowledge -population explosion: high br and decreasing br -many sub-saharan countries are at this stage today -egypt, kenya, india -beginning of industrial revolution

which region shows the greatest variation in total fertility rate

Africa because south Africa and more developed areas have lower fertility rate and other areas have very high fertility rates, making it very variable

low birth rate

CBR 10-20 births per 1000 ppl -industrialized and urbanized countries in North America and Europe

transnational birth rate

CBR 20-30 births per 1000 ppl -developing countries outside of sub-saharan Africa -ex./ Algeria and Egypt in Africa, Belize, Honduras, etc -all of middle eastern countries

high birth rate

CBR is 30+ births per 1000 people -common in countries of sub-saharan Africa

stage 1 of DTM

High Stationary -high BR and high DR; stabilized pop -disease, famine, poor medical knowledge -pop grows slowly if at all; substantial fluctuation -death is due to natural causes, no medical edu -pre-industrial no country is at this stage today but a few regions are

What factors might have contributed to Siberia's sparse population distribution?

Russia's freezing cold temperature and wilderness -certain areas closer to the arctic ocean may not be inhabitable for extended periods -many empty quarters

doubling time and rule of 70

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size -rule of 70 calculates the population's doubling time by taking a country's rate of natural increase and dividing it into the # 70, resulting in the number of years it will take to double the pop -the lower the number, the faster the country tales to double in population -not all countries have a doubling time. they could be losing population and in negative growth

Stage 4 of DTM

Low Stationary Stage -aging becomes an important issue as proportion of pop > 65 increases -many developed countries -most countries stop here -low birth and death rates, low growth of population -Industrialization is completed

5 group cohorts

1. (0-4) 2. (5-9) 3. (10-14) 4. (15-19) 5. (20-25)

3 facts that support cornucopian viewpoint

1. None of malthus' dire predictions have come true, not on global scale. Population has gone from 1-7 billion and we still manage to stay 2 steps ahead 2. Global grain predictions actually outpaced population growth: we can make enough food to feed 10 billion people, the predicted pop for 2100

3 age group cohorts

1. pre-reproductive (0-14) 2. Reproductive (15-49) 3. post-reproductive (50+)

Gen X

1965-1980 -in prime working years -came of age in more tolerant religious, cultural, and ethnic differences -will outnumber boomers

China after 1970: Birth Control Campaigns

1970s birth control campaign launched bc of rapid pop growth in 1950s and 1960s combined with associated socioeconomic challenges facing the country -initial goal: encourage ppl to delay marriage and childbirth (5 yrs apart) and have fewer children/couple -had family planning committees/offices on all levels of gov and gave free contraceptives -needed gov permission to start a family and family planning committees kept close eye on reproductive women to ensure no illegal pregnancies -lowered fertility rates but not enough so in 1980 --"one couple, one child" which is strictest policy -fertility rate decreased from 544 in 1971 to current 1.8 (below replacement level) -400 million fewer babies were born

Metacity

A conurbation with more than 20 million people -Tokyo, Mexico City

What demographic trend indicated the shift from stage 4 to stage 5 of the demographic transition model

Birth Rate drops and death rate stays steady on a decrease BUT the birth rate drops below it -population decline

consequences of population distribution on environmental impact

London, Mexico City, Delhi all have poor air quality compared to rural areas -they need to build more to accommodate growing population which causes habitat ruin -ex./ more people in population, more people using cars, more CO2 emissions

How can a population's age structure help us predict its future population growth?

It allows us tod estimate how many young people will need education an employment. Also how many old people will need elderly support (social security, city accommodations, nursing homes etc)

Stage 3 DTM

Late expanding stage -improved medical care and diet, fewer children needed -decreasing growth and rapidly decreasing BR -decreasing DR -more edu puts of families/birth -many developing countries like brazil

Arithmetic or Crude Densisty

The average # of people per unit of land area -most common measure of population density -high value means country is more crowded -not always accurate because it makes it seem like population is even within a country but really ppl cluster -does not actually reflect how population is distributed