ap human exam

migration to a new location

immigration

state which is completely surrounded other states and has no access to the sea

landlocked state

state which has a very strong, centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

unitary state

a region is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas with very little to no rural land in between

megalopolis

population growth measured as crude birth rate over crude death rate it does not reflect migration patterns

natural increase

a body of research findings that challenging the heterosexual bias in society

queer theory

a movement which coincided with the industrial revolution where farmers developed new techniques of farming and used new tools like the seed drill or mccormick reaper while still relying on animal power, production increased dramatically

2nd agricultural revolution

international laws by the united nations conference on law of the sea which established territorial sea limits and economic uses of the sea, seabed and subsoil of the sea

law of the sea

ernest ravenstein's theory of human migration in the 1880's that still forms basis for modern migration theory

laws of migration

economic division between the core states of europe and north america, japan and australia and the periphery and semi-periphery states in latin america, africa, and asia

north/south divide

form of subsistence agriculture based on herding as land used for grazing

pastoral nomadism

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

pattern

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

relocation diffusion

the science of obtaining information about an object or an area from a distance, typically from instruments in aircraft or satellites

remote sensing

a compromise projection that attempts to minimize several typical projection errors such as shape, size, direction or distance used by national geographic until 1998

robinson projection

the dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world's population, most notably today in less developed countrues

rural to urban migration

a curve that depicts a period of exponential growth followed by a leveling off of natural increase

s curve

the relationship between the size of an object on a map and size of the actual feature on earth's surface

scale

the essential questions and intellectual framework that looks where a specific phenomena locates, and searches for why the phenomena is happening there

spatial perspective

politically organized area which possesses government population and territory a state also has the general recognition of the international community

state

nation of people who do not have a corresponding territory in which to live

stateless nation

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

step migration

also known as market gardening a form of commercial agriculture specializing in growing vegetables for the market

truck farming

a compromise projection that was adopted by national geographical in 1998 as a better projection that minimizes distortion in size, direction, and distance line of latitude are slightly curved, nonparallel lines

winkel tripel projection

boundary which was established before an area was populated many times these boundaries were made along physical geographic features

antecedent boundary

raising fish in ponds and underwater cages for human consumption

aquaculture

the amount of population the earth can sustain give the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life with the present infrastructure

carrying capacity

a map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to represent the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena in that area

cartogram

the science of drawing or making maps

cartography

an official count of a country's population that occurs periodically

census

the military occupation of territory by an outside state for the purposes of controlling and exploiting that the territory usually for economic purposes

colonalism

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

commercial agriculture

a form of farming where a cereal crop is grown for profit

commercial grain farming

a state which is generally geometrically equidistant from the center to its exterior borders

compact state

the spread of something over a given area

concentration

the built environment of humans; buildings, roads and other structures that humans have created

cultural landscape

the pressure places on the state by a sub-state unit or the ceding of power from the state to a sub-state unit or the breaking apart of a state into smaller political states

devolution

rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

dispersed rural settlements

the decline and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing space from its origin

distance decay

the change in accuracy (shape, size, distance or direction) of a place when it is shown on a map

distortion

the arrangement of a feature in space

distribution

a map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

dot distribution map

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

double cropping

the numbers of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

doubling time

the process of consolidating small landholding into a few larger farms in england during the eighteenth century which helps start the 2nd agricultural revolution

enclosure movement

belief that the physical geography and climate have the ultimate determining factor over the success or failure of humans in regions

environmental determinism

the pattern of the causes of death that are tied to the demographic transition model death is tied to famine and pestilence in stage 1 and 2 and more degenerative diseases in stage 4 or 5

epidemiological transition model

explicit actions by a government like forced sterilization designed to reduce the chances of another sector of the population from reproduction

eugenic population policies

bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is completely surrounded by another state or relatively distinct group of people and us physically separated from its motherland state

exclave

an educational tool to organize the major concepts of geography into categories: location, human-environment, region, place, and movement

five themes of geography

a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stores, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user in layers or all at once

geographical informational systems

political boundaries usually drawn in straight lines which follow lines of latitude or longitude

geometric boundary

the study of the relationships between geography, power, politics and international relations

geopolitics

the drawing of voting districts for political advantage to a particular political group

gerrymandering

using satellite system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

global positioning system

a map projection, the shapes and sizes of landmasses accurately by cutting through the oceans like an orange peel

goodes interrupted projection

a formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other

gravity model

large movement of african americans from the rural south into northern cities between 1914 and 1920

great migration

the diffusion of western agricultural knowledge and technology to mexico and asia designed to increase food production through hybrid seeds and new methods

green revolution

a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area

chloropleth map

an outbreak of disease over a wide geographic region is a

pandemic

countryside, place where farming is the primary activity

rural

24 regions or divisions of the globe approximately coinciding with meridians at successive hours from the observatory at greenwich, england each is 15 degrees longitude

time zones

the transition from hunting and gathering to plant domestication and animal domestication about 10,000 years ago

1st agricultural revolution

a 20th century revolution with three key elements: mechanization (ex:tractors), biotechnology (ex:hybrid seeds) and integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary activities (agribusiness)

3rd agricultural revolution

another word for farming or agriculture or having to do with the use or ownership of farmland

agrian

identifies a precise location/place often through latitudes and longitude of a certain place

absolute location

daily patterns of movement in which men still have larger footprints than women

activity spaces

commercial agriculture where larger corporations control different aspects of food production thus creating larger networks and using more technology

agribusiness

the deliberate modification of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock

agriculture

any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate, but associated with a cohort of people born just after World War 2 until 1964 in a time of relative peace and prosperity

baby boom

usually tense political process which may result in a state breaking into smaller political states

balkanization

conference held in 1884-85 where european power regulated trade, commerce and territory in africa

berlin conference

a procedure that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals

biotechnology

the large-scale emigration of talented citizens of a country who leave their countries to seek better opportunities for their talents

brain drain

usually smaller state which lies between two larger more powerful states, buffer states may help prevent conflict between the larger states or they may be the battleground when the larger states engage in conflict

buffer state

cultural geographer who identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred

carl sauer

a place where the location is between major points of influence it is situated well or has good relative location

centrality

forces which tend to divide or cause conflict within a state these forces may include language, religion, political views, economics, and many other factors

centrifugal forces

forces which tend to unite or bind a state together these forces may include language, religion, political views, economics and many other factors

centripetal forces

the migration pattern when people locate to a certain place because family members or people of the same nationality previously migrated there

chain migration

the ability to gain new information by making observations locally, regionally, and globally

changing scale

a rural settlement in which the houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement

clustered rural settlements

the distance controlled spreading of an idea innovation or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

contagious diffusion

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

counter-urbanization

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

crop rotation

the number of live births in a region per 1,000 people in the population also known as natality

crude birth rate

the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population also known as mortality

crude death rate

a form of commercial farming which focuses on the development, distribution and sale of milk, cheese, and butter

dairying

forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries

debt-for-nature swap

destruction of forests due to human actions like crop planting and animal grazing

deforestation

destruction of forests for food production

deforestation

summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration

demographic accounting equation

pattern where countries have a period of high birth rates and death rates then followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by a convergence of birth rates and death rates at a lower overall level

demographic transition model

the study of human populations

demography

number of any variable per unit area (people per land)

density

used to measure the pressure on productive population by taking the number of people who are either too old or too young to provide for themselves to the number of people who much support them through their own labor

dependency ratio

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

desertification

destruction of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

desertification

most associated with the cold war involving the separation between mostly democratic/free market states of the americas and western from the communist/socialist countries of eastern europe and asia

east/west divide

the parts of earth's surface occupied by permanent settlement

ecumene

a state whose territory is generally long and narrow

elongated state

migration from a location

emigration

a piece of territory which is surrounded by another state or political unit of which it is not a part

enclave

the general spread of ideas or material traits spread outward from a hearth and grows continuously larger it can expand in different patterns like hierarchical or contagious

expansion diffusion

pronatalist actions by governments to increase the number of babies or natural increase of a population

expansive population policies

states which have a strong central government where power is distributed geographical sub-state units federal states are many times large in size

federal state

the work of a researcher collecting data and making observations in the natural environment about people, cultures, and nature

fieldwork

human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

forced migration

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

formal region

capital city moved by a state for political, strategic or economic purposes and as a statement and possible intent of action to its neighbors

forward capital

state which is not contiguous and has multiple parts

fragmented state

a border on the edge of a state where it meets the border of another state, frontier borders may also be areas where new development is possible or be an area of contention with a neighboring state

frontier

An area organized around a node or focal point.

functional region

used to determine the gender of a baby before it is born outlawed in some countries where it is used to abort female fetuses that prefer males

gender detection tests

plants used in agriculture where the DNA of which has been modified to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species using genetic engineering techniques.

genetically modified crops

the region from which innovative ideas or material traits originate

hearth

proposed by halford mackinder a theory which proposed land-based political power was based in pivot area known as the heartland of eurasia if secured and held the heartland would be a base to command more territory and power

heartland theory

A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.

hierarchical diffusion

branch of geography that focuses on the spatial analysis of people, their culture, and imprint on the landscape

human geography

expansionist policies of colonial power which established political, economic, social and territorial dominion over another state or territory

imperialism

the concept that a trait was invented in different hearths without diffusion

independent invention

number of deaths per thousand children within the first year of life

infant mortality rate

form of farming where farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land and all possible farm land that can be farmed is

intensive subsistence agriculture

the permanent movement from one country to another

international migration

the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

intertillage

any forces or factors that limit human migration

intervening obstacles

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

intervening opportunity

migration within a country also referred to as interregional migration

intranational migration

it means unredeemed territory usually involving a political movement which intends to reclaim territory which was lost to another state

irredentism

a thematic map displaying lines that connect points of equal value often used for weather or elevation

isoline map

a growth curve that depicts constant exponential growth

j curve

the average number of years a person born in a given country would live if mortality rates at each age were to remain constant in the future

life expectancy

a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area, agriculture is adapted to arid and semiarid land

livestock ranching

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

luxury crops

a voting district aligned where the overall minority population in the state is actually the majority population of that voting district

majority-minority district

the idea that population is growing exponentially faster than the food supply needed to sustain it

malthusian theory

a systematic transformation of locations on the surface of a round 3D earth on a flat piece of paper

map projection

number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth

maternal mortality rate

a form of commercial farming which grows specialty crops such as grapes, olives, and other fruits and vegetables

mediterranean agriculture

an individual's perception, impression and understanding of how space is laid out in a region

mental map

a great spatial device for sea navigation that accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of places especially near poles

mercator projection

a state or territory which is small in both populations and area

microstate

based off of the demographic transition model this claims that the type of migration patterns change as countries move through different stages of development

migration transition theory

ring surrounding the city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

milkshed

a belief in one god or supreme being (judaism, christianity and islam are examples)

monotheistic religion

group of people who share a common trait such as language, religion, ethnicity, worldviews and other cultural characteristics

nation

A state whose territory corresponds with the nation of people residing in it

nation-state

the attachment to or pride in one's nation or state above all other nations or states many times nationalism is used by political leaders to create national identities and causes to oppose other nation and states

nationalism

crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides, artificial fertilizers or growth hormones.

organic agriculture

friedrich ratzel's conception that the state is similar to a biological organism with a birth to maturity to death life cycle a key component was territory was the life-giving force of the state without it the state will atrophy ratzel used the term lebensraum or living space to describe what the state needed this term was most famously used by hilter for nazi expansion

organic theory

treaty ending the thirty years war which contained language establishing the concept of the state it allowed for nations of people to correspond to a particular territory

peace of westphalia

A region that only exists as an idea based on different traits to different people and is therefore hard to draw clear boundaries

perceptual region

state which is completely surrounded by another state

perforated state

a map projection that focuses on finding the true area of size land masses but distorts shape

peter's projection

boundaries which are drawn using physical features such as rivers or mountains to delimit territory

physical boundary

the branch of geography that focuses on the earth's natural features and processes through spatial analysis

physical geography

a basic trade language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of several languages of different people in order to trade

pidgin language

a large piece agricultural devoted to the production of a single export often a luxury crop

plantation

the study of political forces, power and boundaries between and among states

political geography

the number of people per given unit of land

population density

a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population

population pyramids

the geographic view point that humans can overcome poor environments or develop despite the environment while still understanding that the environment can place limits or challenges to human development

possiblism

a map where the size of a symbol varies depending on the frequency of the variable being studied

proportional symbol map

state which has a compact area with a narrow strip of territory which protrude of hangs from the compact area

prorupt or attenuated state

a theory of migration that says people migrate because certain things in their lives "push" them to leave, and certain things in a new place "pull" them

push/pull theory

establishment of voting districts based on population as designated by the census taken every 10 years

reapportionment

the process of drawing of new electoral district boundaries to match population changes

redistricting

a person who is forced to migrate from his or her home country and cannot return for fear of persecution due to his or her race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or group

refugee

the position of a place in relation to another place

relative location

political boundary which no longer exists these boundaries are usually remnants of old political systems between states

relic boundary

antinatalist actions by governments to decrease the number of babies being born in a population

restrictive population policies

nicholas spykman's theory that power is derived by controlling the rim eurasia this countered heartland theory suggesting power came domination of the seas it was also the basis for western countries containment policies of the cold war

rimland theory

reproducing plants from annual application of seeds

seed agriculture

feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place

sense of place

an area of geopolitical weakness which is prone to states in that region breaking into pieces and forming new states this process is usually repeated regularly making for unstable states and regions

shatterbelt

the cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning areas areas under cultivation shift or move after several years due to poor soil and a new area is cleared; also known as slash-and-burn-agriculture

shifting cultivation

the patch of land cleared for planting through slash and burning under shifting cultivation

swidden

the physical characteristics of a place (soil, hilly, dry)

site

right of a state to determine its own affairs

sovereignty

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

stimulus diffusion

boundary establish which has the cultural, political and social characteristics of the groups which have settled or occupied territory

subsequent boundary

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family or local consumption

subsistence agriculture

boundary established in or between states by outside states or forces without regard for existing cultural or political systems

superimposed boundary

when three or more states join in an agreement together for common purposes each state gives up some form of sovereignty in the agreement

supranationalism

being able to maintain the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

sustainability

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

time-space compression

state which is ruled by religious leaders using religious texts and edicts for laws

theocracy

the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

total fertility rate

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

transhumance

reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots

vegetative planting

movement of an individual who consciously decides to locate to a new area

voluntary migration

explains and predicts commercial agricultural land use with more intensive land uses closer to the market place and more extensive land farther from the market place

von thunen's model