ap human exam
migration to a new location
immigration
state which is completely surrounded other states and has no access to the sea
landlocked state
state which has a very strong, centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state
unitary state
a region is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas with very little to no rural land in between
megalopolis
population growth measured as crude birth rate over crude death rate it does not reflect migration patterns
natural increase
a body of research findings that challenging the heterosexual bias in society
queer theory
a movement which coincided with the industrial revolution where farmers developed new techniques of farming and used new tools like the seed drill or mccormick reaper while still relying on animal power, production increased dramatically
2nd agricultural revolution
international laws by the united nations conference on law of the sea which established territorial sea limits and economic uses of the sea, seabed and subsoil of the sea
law of the sea
ernest ravenstein's theory of human migration in the 1880's that still forms basis for modern migration theory
laws of migration
economic division between the core states of europe and north america, japan and australia and the periphery and semi-periphery states in latin america, africa, and asia
north/south divide
form of subsistence agriculture based on herding as land used for grazing
pastoral nomadism
the geometric arrangement of objects in space
pattern
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
relocation diffusion
the science of obtaining information about an object or an area from a distance, typically from instruments in aircraft or satellites
remote sensing
a compromise projection that attempts to minimize several typical projection errors such as shape, size, direction or distance used by national geographic until 1998
robinson projection
the dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world's population, most notably today in less developed countrues
rural to urban migration
a curve that depicts a period of exponential growth followed by a leveling off of natural increase
s curve
the relationship between the size of an object on a map and size of the actual feature on earth's surface
scale
the essential questions and intellectual framework that looks where a specific phenomena locates, and searches for why the phenomena is happening there
spatial perspective
politically organized area which possesses government population and territory a state also has the general recognition of the international community
state
nation of people who do not have a corresponding territory in which to live
stateless nation
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
step migration
also known as market gardening a form of commercial agriculture specializing in growing vegetables for the market
truck farming
a compromise projection that was adopted by national geographical in 1998 as a better projection that minimizes distortion in size, direction, and distance line of latitude are slightly curved, nonparallel lines
winkel tripel projection
boundary which was established before an area was populated many times these boundaries were made along physical geographic features
antecedent boundary
raising fish in ponds and underwater cages for human consumption
aquaculture
the amount of population the earth can sustain give the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life with the present infrastructure
carrying capacity
a map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to represent the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena in that area
cartogram
the science of drawing or making maps
cartography
an official count of a country's population that occurs periodically
census
the military occupation of territory by an outside state for the purposes of controlling and exploiting that the territory usually for economic purposes
colonalism
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
commercial agriculture
a form of farming where a cereal crop is grown for profit
commercial grain farming
a state which is generally geometrically equidistant from the center to its exterior borders
compact state
the spread of something over a given area
concentration
the built environment of humans; buildings, roads and other structures that humans have created
cultural landscape
the pressure places on the state by a sub-state unit or the ceding of power from the state to a sub-state unit or the breaking apart of a state into smaller political states
devolution
rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
dispersed rural settlements
the decline and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing space from its origin
distance decay
the change in accuracy (shape, size, distance or direction) of a place when it is shown on a map
distortion
the arrangement of a feature in space
distribution
a map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena
dot distribution map
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
double cropping
the numbers of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
doubling time
the process of consolidating small landholding into a few larger farms in england during the eighteenth century which helps start the 2nd agricultural revolution
enclosure movement
belief that the physical geography and climate have the ultimate determining factor over the success or failure of humans in regions
environmental determinism
the pattern of the causes of death that are tied to the demographic transition model death is tied to famine and pestilence in stage 1 and 2 and more degenerative diseases in stage 4 or 5
epidemiological transition model
explicit actions by a government like forced sterilization designed to reduce the chances of another sector of the population from reproduction
eugenic population policies
bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is completely surrounded by another state or relatively distinct group of people and us physically separated from its motherland state
exclave
an educational tool to organize the major concepts of geography into categories: location, human-environment, region, place, and movement
five themes of geography
a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stores, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user in layers or all at once
geographical informational systems
political boundaries usually drawn in straight lines which follow lines of latitude or longitude
geometric boundary
the study of the relationships between geography, power, politics and international relations
geopolitics
the drawing of voting districts for political advantage to a particular political group
gerrymandering
using satellite system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features
global positioning system
a map projection, the shapes and sizes of landmasses accurately by cutting through the oceans like an orange peel
goodes interrupted projection
a formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
gravity model
large movement of african americans from the rural south into northern cities between 1914 and 1920
great migration
the diffusion of western agricultural knowledge and technology to mexico and asia designed to increase food production through hybrid seeds and new methods
green revolution
a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
chloropleth map
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographic region is a
pandemic
countryside, place where farming is the primary activity
rural
24 regions or divisions of the globe approximately coinciding with meridians at successive hours from the observatory at greenwich, england each is 15 degrees longitude
time zones
the transition from hunting and gathering to plant domestication and animal domestication about 10,000 years ago
1st agricultural revolution
a 20th century revolution with three key elements: mechanization (ex:tractors), biotechnology (ex:hybrid seeds) and integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary activities (agribusiness)
3rd agricultural revolution
another word for farming or agriculture or having to do with the use or ownership of farmland
agrian
identifies a precise location/place often through latitudes and longitude of a certain place
absolute location
daily patterns of movement in which men still have larger footprints than women
activity spaces
commercial agriculture where larger corporations control different aspects of food production thus creating larger networks and using more technology
agribusiness
the deliberate modification of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock
agriculture
any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate, but associated with a cohort of people born just after World War 2 until 1964 in a time of relative peace and prosperity
baby boom
usually tense political process which may result in a state breaking into smaller political states
balkanization
conference held in 1884-85 where european power regulated trade, commerce and territory in africa
berlin conference
a procedure that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals
biotechnology
the large-scale emigration of talented citizens of a country who leave their countries to seek better opportunities for their talents
brain drain
usually smaller state which lies between two larger more powerful states, buffer states may help prevent conflict between the larger states or they may be the battleground when the larger states engage in conflict
buffer state
cultural geographer who identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred
carl sauer
a place where the location is between major points of influence it is situated well or has good relative location
centrality
forces which tend to divide or cause conflict within a state these forces may include language, religion, political views, economics, and many other factors
centrifugal forces
forces which tend to unite or bind a state together these forces may include language, religion, political views, economics and many other factors
centripetal forces
the migration pattern when people locate to a certain place because family members or people of the same nationality previously migrated there
chain migration
the ability to gain new information by making observations locally, regionally, and globally
changing scale
a rural settlement in which the houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement
clustered rural settlements
the distance controlled spreading of an idea innovation or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person
contagious diffusion
net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
counter-urbanization
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
crop rotation
the number of live births in a region per 1,000 people in the population also known as natality
crude birth rate
the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population also known as mortality
crude death rate
a form of commercial farming which focuses on the development, distribution and sale of milk, cheese, and butter
dairying
forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries
debt-for-nature swap
destruction of forests due to human actions like crop planting and animal grazing
deforestation
destruction of forests for food production
deforestation
summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration
demographic accounting equation
pattern where countries have a period of high birth rates and death rates then followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by a convergence of birth rates and death rates at a lower overall level
demographic transition model
the study of human populations
demography
number of any variable per unit area (people per land)
density
used to measure the pressure on productive population by taking the number of people who are either too old or too young to provide for themselves to the number of people who much support them through their own labor
dependency ratio
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
desertification
destruction of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
desertification
most associated with the cold war involving the separation between mostly democratic/free market states of the americas and western from the communist/socialist countries of eastern europe and asia
east/west divide
the parts of earth's surface occupied by permanent settlement
ecumene
a state whose territory is generally long and narrow
elongated state
migration from a location
emigration
a piece of territory which is surrounded by another state or political unit of which it is not a part
enclave
the general spread of ideas or material traits spread outward from a hearth and grows continuously larger it can expand in different patterns like hierarchical or contagious
expansion diffusion
pronatalist actions by governments to increase the number of babies or natural increase of a population
expansive population policies
states which have a strong central government where power is distributed geographical sub-state units federal states are many times large in size
federal state
the work of a researcher collecting data and making observations in the natural environment about people, cultures, and nature
fieldwork
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
forced migration
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
formal region
capital city moved by a state for political, strategic or economic purposes and as a statement and possible intent of action to its neighbors
forward capital
state which is not contiguous and has multiple parts
fragmented state
a border on the edge of a state where it meets the border of another state, frontier borders may also be areas where new development is possible or be an area of contention with a neighboring state
frontier
An area organized around a node or focal point.
functional region
used to determine the gender of a baby before it is born outlawed in some countries where it is used to abort female fetuses that prefer males
gender detection tests
plants used in agriculture where the DNA of which has been modified to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species using genetic engineering techniques.
genetically modified crops
the region from which innovative ideas or material traits originate
hearth
proposed by halford mackinder a theory which proposed land-based political power was based in pivot area known as the heartland of eurasia if secured and held the heartland would be a base to command more territory and power
heartland theory
A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.
hierarchical diffusion
branch of geography that focuses on the spatial analysis of people, their culture, and imprint on the landscape
human geography
expansionist policies of colonial power which established political, economic, social and territorial dominion over another state or territory
imperialism
the concept that a trait was invented in different hearths without diffusion
independent invention
number of deaths per thousand children within the first year of life
infant mortality rate
form of farming where farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land and all possible farm land that can be farmed is
intensive subsistence agriculture
the permanent movement from one country to another
international migration
the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment
intertillage
any forces or factors that limit human migration
intervening obstacles
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
intervening opportunity
migration within a country also referred to as interregional migration
intranational migration
it means unredeemed territory usually involving a political movement which intends to reclaim territory which was lost to another state
irredentism
a thematic map displaying lines that connect points of equal value often used for weather or elevation
isoline map
a growth curve that depicts constant exponential growth
j curve
the average number of years a person born in a given country would live if mortality rates at each age were to remain constant in the future
life expectancy
a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area, agriculture is adapted to arid and semiarid land
livestock ranching
non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
luxury crops
a voting district aligned where the overall minority population in the state is actually the majority population of that voting district
majority-minority district
the idea that population is growing exponentially faster than the food supply needed to sustain it
malthusian theory
a systematic transformation of locations on the surface of a round 3D earth on a flat piece of paper
map projection
number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
maternal mortality rate
a form of commercial farming which grows specialty crops such as grapes, olives, and other fruits and vegetables
mediterranean agriculture
an individual's perception, impression and understanding of how space is laid out in a region
mental map
a great spatial device for sea navigation that accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of places especially near poles
mercator projection
a state or territory which is small in both populations and area
microstate
based off of the demographic transition model this claims that the type of migration patterns change as countries move through different stages of development
migration transition theory
ring surrounding the city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.
milkshed
a belief in one god or supreme being (judaism, christianity and islam are examples)
monotheistic religion
group of people who share a common trait such as language, religion, ethnicity, worldviews and other cultural characteristics
nation
A state whose territory corresponds with the nation of people residing in it
nation-state
the attachment to or pride in one's nation or state above all other nations or states many times nationalism is used by political leaders to create national identities and causes to oppose other nation and states
nationalism
crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides, artificial fertilizers or growth hormones.
organic agriculture
friedrich ratzel's conception that the state is similar to a biological organism with a birth to maturity to death life cycle a key component was territory was the life-giving force of the state without it the state will atrophy ratzel used the term lebensraum or living space to describe what the state needed this term was most famously used by hilter for nazi expansion
organic theory
treaty ending the thirty years war which contained language establishing the concept of the state it allowed for nations of people to correspond to a particular territory
peace of westphalia
A region that only exists as an idea based on different traits to different people and is therefore hard to draw clear boundaries
perceptual region
state which is completely surrounded by another state
perforated state
a map projection that focuses on finding the true area of size land masses but distorts shape
peter's projection
boundaries which are drawn using physical features such as rivers or mountains to delimit territory
physical boundary
the branch of geography that focuses on the earth's natural features and processes through spatial analysis
physical geography
a basic trade language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of several languages of different people in order to trade
pidgin language
a large piece agricultural devoted to the production of a single export often a luxury crop
plantation
the study of political forces, power and boundaries between and among states
political geography
the number of people per given unit of land
population density
a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
population pyramids
the geographic view point that humans can overcome poor environments or develop despite the environment while still understanding that the environment can place limits or challenges to human development
possiblism
a map where the size of a symbol varies depending on the frequency of the variable being studied
proportional symbol map
state which has a compact area with a narrow strip of territory which protrude of hangs from the compact area
prorupt or attenuated state
a theory of migration that says people migrate because certain things in their lives "push" them to leave, and certain things in a new place "pull" them
push/pull theory
establishment of voting districts based on population as designated by the census taken every 10 years
reapportionment
the process of drawing of new electoral district boundaries to match population changes
redistricting
a person who is forced to migrate from his or her home country and cannot return for fear of persecution due to his or her race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or group
refugee
the position of a place in relation to another place
relative location
political boundary which no longer exists these boundaries are usually remnants of old political systems between states
relic boundary
antinatalist actions by governments to decrease the number of babies being born in a population
restrictive population policies
nicholas spykman's theory that power is derived by controlling the rim eurasia this countered heartland theory suggesting power came domination of the seas it was also the basis for western countries containment policies of the cold war
rimland theory
reproducing plants from annual application of seeds
seed agriculture
feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place
sense of place
an area of geopolitical weakness which is prone to states in that region breaking into pieces and forming new states this process is usually repeated regularly making for unstable states and regions
shatterbelt
the cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning areas areas under cultivation shift or move after several years due to poor soil and a new area is cleared; also known as slash-and-burn-agriculture
shifting cultivation
the patch of land cleared for planting through slash and burning under shifting cultivation
swidden
the physical characteristics of a place (soil, hilly, dry)
site
right of a state to determine its own affairs
sovereignty
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
stimulus diffusion
boundary establish which has the cultural, political and social characteristics of the groups which have settled or occupied territory
subsequent boundary
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family or local consumption
subsistence agriculture
boundary established in or between states by outside states or forces without regard for existing cultural or political systems
superimposed boundary
when three or more states join in an agreement together for common purposes each state gives up some form of sovereignty in the agreement
supranationalism
being able to maintain the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sustainability
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
time-space compression
state which is ruled by religious leaders using religious texts and edicts for laws
theocracy
the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
total fertility rate
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
transhumance
reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots
vegetative planting
movement of an individual who consciously decides to locate to a new area
voluntary migration
explains and predicts commercial agricultural land use with more intensive land uses closer to the market place and more extensive land farther from the market place
von thunen's model