AP Human Full Vocab
9. least cost theory
Alfred Weber's attempt to rationalize why industry is located where it is in relation to the cost of that location, how the location will maximize profits, and the influence of other local enterprises Example: a soft drink factory (bulk-gaining) will locate close to the market to cut transportation costs while an iron smelting plant (bulk-losing) will locate close to the raw materials since its transportation costs will be less Application: to determine the best location for an industry, transportation costs are the main concern and are composed of cargo weight and distance Connection: Industrial location theory, Alfred Weber
47. Mackinder Halford J.
British geographer and creator of the Heartland Theory in the first two decades of the 20th century; any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world; further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east Example: The Nazis sought to achieve the goal of dominating the Heartland during WWII. Application: Control of Eastern Europe would allow control of the Heartland (supported the concept of world dominance) Connection: World Island, Rimland Theory
1. core
Core countries are countries with high levels of development, a capacity at innovation, and a convergence of trade flows Example: The United States, Western Europe, Canada, Japan Application: The core and peripheral countries are economically interdependent (includes the semi-periphery) Connection: Wallerstein
27. Core/Periphery
Core countries are countries with high levels of development, a capacity at innovation, and a convergence of trade flows; the periphery is made up of countries with lower levels of development and less wealth than the core countries Example: the core countries are U.S., Canada, Western Europe, Japan Application: The core and peripheral countries are economically interdependent (includes the semi-periphery) Connection: Wallerstein
26. Swahili
East African language created around the 8th century by Arab-speaking merchants and Bantu-speaking residents Example: Swahili originated in cultures in northwest Africa but is spoken ore in Eastern Africa Application: still spoken by some African groups and is the official language of four African nations (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Connection: creole language, pidgin, lingua franca
59. Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich
German economist who developed a model of land use in 1826 that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations could be used Example: in the case of the average farm, fruits and dairy stuffs will be produced relatively close to the market to cut shipping costs Application: based on his observations of land usage in Germany around 1830 Connection: land use model
50. traditional CBD
In the African urban model, existed before European colonization, has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets Own words: Example: sub-Saharan African cities Application: includes the formal economy (permanent stores that hire workers with full-time jobs at set wages and that comply with local regulations Connection: African Model, functional zonation
18. Borchert's model
John Borchert recognized four epochs (expanded to five epochs) in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation and communication: Example: the growth of Nashville, TN occurred through the progression of the epochs Application: Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830), Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870), Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920), Auto-Air Amenity Epoch (1920-1970), High Technology Epoch (1970-today) Connection: transportation, urbanization, technology, urbanization
2. Major manufacturing regions
Locations known for a concentrated amount of manufacturing; the world's major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, East Asia, though other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere Example: historically in the US, the Great Lakes Region (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania) Application: Akron, Canton, and Youngstown (Ohio) are located between the coal-and-steel city of Pittsburgh and the iron-ore port and steel city of Cleveland Connection: Rust Belt, manufacturing
2. periphery
Periphery countries are made up of countries with lower levels of development and less wealth than the core countries Example: Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti Application: The core and peripheral countries are economically interdependent (includes the semi-periphery) Connection: Wallerstein
9. Antecedent boundary
a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area Example: the border between Malaysia and Indonesia (when sharing islands) Application: usually corresponds to a physical feature—rivers, bays, lakes, mountains Connection: boundary, sovereignty
44. Mineral fuels
a carbon-based fuel mined or stripped from the earth Example: tar sands (Canada), petroleum, coal, peat, shale oil Application: when burned with air (or oxygen) the mineral produces (directly) heat or (indirectly) energy Connection: fossil fuel, solids, liquids, gases
30. megalopolis
a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas which may be somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region Example: Bosnywash (the cities between Boston through Washington, DC) Application: a large conurbation where two or more large cities have sprawled outward to meet forming a megacity Connection: megacities, conurbation, world cities, global cities
14. metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
a city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration or connection with the urban core Example: New York-Newark-Jersey City, Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington Application: usually consists of a core city with a large population and its surrounding region as well as marked by significant social and economic interaction; people living in outlying rural areas may commute considerable distances to work, shop, or attend social activities in the urban center; there are 389 in the US Connection: metropolitan area, micropolitan statistical area, nodal region
29. megacities
a city of over 10 million in population Example: New York City, Mexico City, Tokyo Application: often exert an influence that is felt regionally and sometimes worldwide; most of the influence is due to the size of the population but in other cases their influence is derived as much from their political, economic, and cultural power Connection: megalopolis, conurbation
78. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones Example: N/A Application: established rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources Connection: sovereignty, resource allocation, territoriality
13. metropolitan area (metro areas)
a collection of adjacent cities across which population density is high and continuous Example: Dallas-Fort Worth Application: most large cities in the world today are really metro areas of a series of legally defined cities, but they are referred to using only the name of the largest city Connection: metropolitan statistical area, micropolitan statistical area, nodal region
41. Livestock ranching
a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat Example: the 6666 (four sixes) Ranch in Guthrie, TX, in King County raises Quarter Horses and Black Angus cattle (Quarter Horse is a breed that excels at sprinting short distances) Application: occurs on every inhabited continent Connection: deforestation, extensive land
22. lingua franca
a common language used by people who do not share the same native language Example: English, Swahili, Arabic, Spanish, French, Russian Application: lingua francas have a wide distribution and are often learned as a second language Connection: language, pidgin, creole language
74. Prorupt state
a compact state with a large projecting extension Example: Thailand Application: several advantages—easy access to the coast and surrounding resources; ability to block access to resources to other countries Connection: territorial morphology, elongated state
75. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data; uses geocoding to calculate relationships between objects on a map's significance Example: Google Earth, Google Maps Application: endless map creation through huge database of map layers (Google Maps, Esri Arcgis) Connection: fieldwork, GPS, remote sensing, quantitative data, qualitative data
16. more developed country (developed)
a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. Example: United States Application: the Western countries (the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan) Connection: less developed country, newly industrialized country, core
17. less developed country (developing)
a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. Example: Haiti Application: the peripheral countries (the non-Western countries) Connection: more developed country, newly industrialized country, periphery, semi-periphery
24. primate city
a country's largest city; ranking atop the urban hierarchy; a major city that works as the financial, political, and population center of a country and is not rivaled in any of these aspects by any other city in that country Example: Athens (Georgia), Baghdad (Iran), Cairo (Egypt), Dublin (Ireland) Application: must usually be at least twice as populous as the second largest city in the country Connection: rank-size rule, megacities, urban system
16. Extensive agriculture
a crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output Example: a commercial grain farm Application: involves a lot of work (by machine) on a large area of land Connection: combine, tractor
106. counter-urbanization/deurbanization
a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas Example: someone who moves from Dallas to Anna or Decatur Application: originally was a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding Connection: exurbs
9. Neocolonialism
a disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples Example: the West African cocoa industry in the 1960s Application: capitalism, globalism, and cultural imperialism used to influence a developing country instead of military control or indirect political control Connection: imperialism, politics, economics
17. Indo-European language family
a family of languages made up of those spoken in most of Europe and in parts of the world colonized by Europeans since 1500 and in Persia, the subcontinent of India, and some other parts of Asia Example: English, Spanish, German, Russian, Persian, Hindi Application: believed to have all descended from a language, proto-Indo-European, spoken 6,000 years ago Connection: language tree, language branch, language group, dialect
60. Regionalism
a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas Example: Quebec chooses to keep French heritage while the rest of Canada adopts American/British culture Application: typically presupposes a regional identity and is concerned with giving meaning to bounded material and symbolic words in an effort to create intersubjective meanings Connection: region, sense of place
36. caste system
a form of social stratification based on hereditary groups Example: Hindus in India are divided into four groups—Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), Vaishyas (artisans, tradesmen, farmers, merchants), and the Shudras (manual laborers); outside of the caste system are the Dalits (street cleaners, menial tasks) they are the untouchables of society. Application: following Indian independence in 1947, laws were introduced to make discrimination against lower castes illegal and to improve their socioeconomic positions Connection: social stratification, Hinduism
76. Territoriality
a fundamental aspect of human behavior and the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own Example: personal space, owned space, political space Application: relates to the need for self-identity and freedom of choice Connection: cultural landscape
12. age-sex composition graph (population pyramid)
a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. Example: rapid growth, fast growth, stable, shrinking Application: shows information about a population: birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, economic development and evidence of past events such as natural disasters, wars, political changes, and epidemics Connection: demographic transition model (DTM), fertility, mortality
12. Cereal grain
a grass yielding grain for food Example: wheat, millet, rice, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, and maize (corn) Application: used by food industry in many other foods besides breads and cereal Connection: mixed grain and livestock farming
15. region
a group of places in the same area that share a characteristic Example: the U.S. is a political region because it shares one governmental system Application: links places together using any factor the geographer chooses Connection: place, site, situation, sense of place
16. Romance language
a group of related languages derived from Vulgar Latin (nonstandard Latin) within historical times and forming a subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family tree Example: French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian Application: these are called "romance languages" because they originate from the language spoken by Romans Connection: Indo-European language family, language family, language branch, language group, dialect
1. Adaptive strategies
a group's system of economic production, depends on the relationship between environment and technology Example: the five most common modes of production are foraging (hunting and gathering), horticulture, pastoralism, and industrialism Application: there are clear similarities among societies that have the same strategy. Connection: pastoralism, hunting and gathering, horticulture, commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture
39. technopoles
a hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing Example: Silicon Valley, Harvard University and MIT, Research Triangle of North Carolina Application: allows for benefits such as the possible sharing of certain services and attracting highly skilled workers to the area; often located near universities well known for their computer, mathematics, engineering, science, and entrepreneurial business facilities Connection: growth poles, spin-off benefits, backwash effects
27. official language
a language designated by law to be the language of government Example: Switzerland has 4 official languages (French, German, Italian, Romansh) Application: countries with official languages can be grouped—homogeneous culture (Japan, Iceland), to discourage people from maintaining traditional culture (English colonizers in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales), countries with several large ethnic groups (Zimbabwe with 16) Connection: region, language, dialect
70. municipality
a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction Example: Dallas Application: one way of referring to the political and legal aspect of a city Connection: municipal, annexation, incorporation, bedroom communities, consolidation, special districts, unincorporated areas
26. central place
a location where people go to receive goods and services Example: Dallas is a central place Application: a central place can be a tiny community like a hamlet with only a convenience store, a post office, and a religious center; or a slightly larger village, town, or small city with more stores and services; could also be a major city where one can get direct air flights to other major cities or obtain a heart transplant; In Christaller's model, each size of settlement would be evenly distributed across space Connection: central place theory, threshold, range, market area, urban system, central place, hexagonal hinterlands
12. bulk-gaining industry (weight-gaining, market-oriented, market-dependent)
a manufacturer that gains bulk as it is produced will be located close to the market since the final product will weigh less than the raw materials and will cost more to transport a long distance Example: a soft drink factory will locate close to the market to cut transportation costs Application: Alfred Weber's attempt to rationalize why industry is located where it is in relation to the cost of that location, how the location will maximize profits, and the influence of other local enterprises Connection: least cost theory, Alfred Weber
11. bulk-reducing industry (weight-losing, raw material-oriented, raw material-dependent)
a manufacturer that loses bulk as it is produced will be located close to the raw materials since the final product will weigh less than the raw materials and will cost less to transport Example: an iron smelting plant will locate close to the raw materials since its transportation costs will be less Application: Alfred Weber's attempt to rationalize why industry is located where it is in relation to the cost of that location, how the location will maximize profits, and the influence of other local enterprises Connection: least cost theory, Alfred Weber
61. conic projection
a map projection in which the surface features of a globe are depicted as a semicircular map with the area below the apex of the cone at its center Example: most maps of Russia are conic projection since Russia is spread across about half of the earth Application: best suited for use as regional or hemispheric maps and rarely for a complete world map; its distortion makes it inappropriate for use for the entire Earth bot does make it great for visualizing temperate regions, weather maps, climate maps Connection: map projection, Mercator Projection, Peters Projection, conic Projection
2. population density
a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area Example: US, 93 people per square mile (36 people per square kilometer) Application: measures how crowded a place is Connection: population, population distribution
26. Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality in the distribution of wealth, power, and benefits among women and men Example: In 2015, the GII for the U.S. was .28 Application: varies between zero when women and men fare equally and one when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions) Connection: gender gap, HDI, GINI Index
23. friction of distance
a measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the "friction" and the less the interaction or exchange Example: someone might walk a few blocks for a sandwich, but will not drive across town for one Application: how easy or difficult it is to overcome distance separating places depends on accessibility and connectivity Connection: Distance decay, Time-space compression, spatial interaction, Accessibility (the ease with which we can cover distance and cross space); Connectivity (the ways that places are connected—road, phone, internet
20. distance
a measurement of how far or how near things are to one another Example: the distance between Raleigh to Charlotte is 130 miles Application: can be straight-line distance or travel distance (a route that turns and twists) Connection: proximity, time-space compression
5. arithmetic population density
a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land (usually the number of people per mile or per kilometer); the population divided by the area Example: Canada's is 9.27 people per square mile; Monaco's is 43,000 per square mile; Bangladesh's is 2,200 per square mile Application: mathematically describes how crowded a region is; distribution can be arranged evenly, clustered, or linearly Connection: population, population density, physiological population density, agricultural population density
35. field observation
a method where people are observed in real locations and situations Example: observations in workplaces or homes Application: to describe the observation of people, places, and/or events and to analyze that observation data Connection: landscape analysis, spatial data, aerial photography, built environment, cultural landscape
4. Core-Periphery model
a model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region Example: A core country is the U.S.; a peripheral country is Belize. The peripheral country depends on the core country for raw materials and goods; the core country depends on workers manufacturing goods in the periphery. Application: shows developed countries dominating peripheral countries Connection: core, periphery, semi-periphery, World Systems Theory, development
23. purchasing power parity (PPP)
a monetary measurement which takes into account of what money actually buys in each country Example: If a liter of Coca-Cola costs 2.3 euros in France and $2.00 in the United States, the PPP for Coca-Cola between France and the US is 2.3/2.00 or 1.15; for every dollar spent on a liter of Coke in the US, 1.15 euros would have to be spent in France to obtain the same quantity and quality. Application: takes into consideration the relative costs of local goods and services valued at U.S. prices Connection: Gross domestic product, Gross national product, Gross national income
40. counter migration
a movement in the opposite direction Example: retirees from the US who had never lived in Mexico, but were attracted by its warm weather and lower cost of living Application: each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (counter migration) Connection: Ravenstein's Laws of Migration, migration, push factors, pull factors
32. voluntary migration
a movement made by choice Example: someone decides to move from Venezuela to Columbia Application: the choice usually combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else Connection: migration, push factors, pull factors
56. Stateless ethnic group/stateless nation
a nationality that is not represented as by a state Example: Kurds, Palestinians Application: a group of people without a land of their own Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces, state, nation, separatism, secession, ethno-nationalism
24. creole language
a new language created from two or more separate languages once it develops more formal structure and vocabulary Example: Afrikaans (spoken in South Africa; combines Dutch, several European and African languages) Application: a creole is a complete language, used in a community and is acquired by children as their native language Connection: pidgin language
58. Peace of Westphalia
a number of treaties signed by many European states in 1648 which established the modern state system defined by sovereign states with specific borders instead of Empires Example: N/A Application: Before 1648, a territory was defined by society, afterwards, a territory defined the society Connection: city-state, nation, state, country, empire
23. rank-size rule
a pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement Example: The United States: NYC (8,175,133), LA (3,792,621), Chicago (2,695,598), Houston (2,099, 451), Philadelphia (1,526,006) Application: If the largest city has a population of 1,000,000, the 2nd largest city would have a population of 500,000, the 3rd largest city would have a population of 330,000, the 4th largest city would be 250,000, the 5th largest would be 200,000 Connection: primate city, great city, megacities, urban system
5. settlement
a place with a permanent human population Example: Garland, Richardson Application: the first appeared with the beginning of agriculture; eventually the first cities had three characteristics—presence of an agricultural surplus; rise of social stratification and a leadership class or urban elite; the beginning of job specialization Connection: ecumene, urban, rural, suburban
48. Manifest Destiny
a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) Example: renewed in US foreign policy in the 1890s with the war with Spain, annexation of Hawaii, and planning an isthmian canal across Central America Application: justification of taking land away from the indigenous or previous settlers Connection: imperialism, colonialism
11. Superimposed boundary
a political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape; usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns Example: Between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea or Haiti and Dominican Republic Application: set by an outside force by treaty and may not reflect existing cultural landscape Connection: boundary, sovereignty
10. Subsequent boundary
a political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of the cultural landscape through which it passes Example: the U.S. and Mexico Application: set after different groups meet; corresponds to the ecumene of each group Connection: boundary, sovereignty
12. Relict boundary
a political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape Example: Between North and South Vietnam or East and West Berlin Application: an old boundary often as a result of political changes, but still a visible imprint on the landscape Connection: boundary, sovereignty
64. Satellite state
a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country Example: the Soviet Empire, Soviet Satellite States, Eastern Block Application: The Soviet Union controlled six countries politically and economically during the Cold War (Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania); served as buffer states for the Soviet Union Connection: buffer state, imperialism, Heartland Theory, MacKinder
97. urban heat island
a portion of a city warmer than surrounding regions Example: New York City Application: the central city with its concrete and asphalt is warmer than grassy areas (parks) without buildings or suburban areas Connection: urban canyons
25. outsourcing
a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally; Example: NIKE owns no factories for manufacturing its footwear and apparel, but outsources to third parties Application: when used properly, an effective cost-saving strategy Connection: offshoring, front offices, back offices
39. step migration
a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves Example: in the common pattern in rural-to-urban migration, a migrant from a small town is most likely to move first to a larger town, later to a small city, and finally to a large city Application: the most common form of migration Connection: Ravenstein's Laws of Migration, migration, push factors, pull factors
63. urban planning
a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use Example: Application: zoning laws can result in very clear land-use segregation, but not all cities have zoning ordinances and many include some unzoned areas Connection: zoning ordinances, residential zones, residential density gradient, municipality, annexation, consolidation
13. energy-oriented (energy-dependent)
a product with high energy demands that factories are built in close proximity to major sources of abundant, cheap power Example: the aluminum industry Application: the energy required for this type of industry is more costly than the raw materials required Connection: locational theory
25. stationary population pyramid
a pyramid with a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking Example: 2016 France Application: birth rates are low but steady, the death rate is also low indicating a high life expectancy and increased percentage of older people; associated with more developed countries Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, Stage 4 DTM
66. Shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals Example: Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War Application: a shatterbelt originates when rival great powers have footholds in a single area: the Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle America, South Asia Connection: devolution, centrifugal forces
31. conurbation
a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area Example: Dallas-Fort Worth is a conurbation Application: an extensive urban settlement formed when two or more cities which were originally separate, grow together to form one continuous city Connection: megacities, megalopolis, world cities, global cities
40. pilgrimage
a religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion Example: the hajj Application: The Holy Land acts as a focal point for the pilgrimages of the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam); these pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the Holy Land Connection: religion
66. gated communities
a residential area with roads that have gates to control the movement of traffic and people into and out of the area Example: The Enclave at Willow Bend (Plano), Craig Ranch Estates (McKinney) Application: these communities are planned to control access and aesthetics within the community; they are fenced (or walled) in with a limited number of streets going in and out with security guards and cameras found at the entrances; landscaping, housing styles, and other visual elements of the community are strictly regulated Connection: invasion and succession, gated communities, filtering, big-box retail, suburbanization of business
67. big-box retail
a retail store that occupies an enormous amount of physical space and offers a variety of products to its customers; being found more often in suburbs; also called supercenter, superstore, or megastore Example: Walmart, Target Supercenter Application: these stores achieve economies of scale by focusing on large sales volumes Connection: invasion and succession, filtering, suburbanization of business
102. smart growth
a set of policies to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city Example: New Jersey, Rhode Island, Washington, Tennessee, Oregon Application: under the principles of smart growth, cities are allowed to annex land only in areas specifically designated by laws Connection: greenbelts, new urbanism
17. echo
a significant increase in births occurring when a high number of boomers in the population have children creating a bulge on a population pyramid Example: In the US, children in high school in 2015 were the last of the echo cohorts and their parents were the last baby boomers Application: shows up as a secondary bulge following the baby boom bulge Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, birth deficit, baby boom, baby bust
14. birth deficit
a slow down in birth rates Example: a population pyramid of post-WWII Germany would show the loss of life of males and females in the 20-40 age cohorts with a greater loss of life for men; the birth deficit during war would show up in the 0-4 cohort Application: during a time of war usually men and women are separated; however, even if together, they may delay having children thus the bars of the pyramid representing children born during a conflict are often significantly shorter than the bars immediately above and below them. Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, cohort, baby boom, baby bust, echo
48. barrios
a slum on the periphery of a major city or a low to middle-class neighborhood in a lesser city Own words: Example: Venezuela, Dominican Republic Application: the Latin American equivalent of ghetto; neighborhoods of extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness Connection: squatter settlement, slum, favela
32. Enclave
a small and relatively homogeneous group or region surrounded by a larger and different group or region or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country Example: Vatican City (within Rome, Italy) or Lesotho (within South Africa) Application: an enclave does not have political affinity (relationship) to the surrounding state nor is it part of another country Connection: exclave, landlocked, microstate
2. Apartheid
a social policy of racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites in South Africa Example: Under the system of apartheid, black Africans were required to live in townships outside of the large cities Application: created to keep the white minority of South Africa in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority Connection: racism, segregation
23. City-state
a sovereign state consisting of a single city and its dependent territories Example: three remaining today—Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City Application: term first used in England in late 19th century and applied especially to the cities of ancient Greece, Phoenicia, and Italy and to the cities of medieval Italy Connection: micro-states, sovereignty
54. Nation-state
a sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality Example: Japan, Portugal, Venezuela, Iceland Application: includes geographic and political isolation Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces, state, nation, separatism, secession, ethno-nationalism
15. baby boom
a spike in birth rates Example: the US baby boom followed WWII (1946-1965) Application: usually associated with the end of a war but can occur for other reasons, such as times of economic abundance Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, birth deficit, baby bust, echo
79. Unitary state
a state governed constitutionally as a unit without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers Example: United Kingdom, France, China Application: Highly centralized government with a capital city as the focus of power Connection: federal state
36. Federal state
a state in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head Example: United States, Russia, Brazil, Mexico Application: state is organized into territories that have control over policies and funds Connection: Unitary state
46. Landlocked
a state surrounded by land on all sides and no direct access to the ocean; UNCLOS gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states Example: 49, including Bolivia and Paraguay in South America; 2 double-landlocked—Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan Application: economic and political disadvantages Connection: territorial morphology, compact, enclave, exclave
49. Microstate (ministate)
a state that encompasses a very small land area and population Example: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City Application: microstates have survived through being flexible and political policy based on the survival of the states Connection: City-state
71. Compact state
a state that possesses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions Example: Poland, Germany, Hungary Application: compact states tend to be small; government is close to all portions of the state; easier communications; easier to defend than other states Connection: territorial morphology
75. Perforated state
a state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state Example: The only two: Italy, South Africa Application: the surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country; if there is hostility between the two states it can be difficult to enter the surrounding nation Connection: territorial morphology, enclave, landlocked
72. Fragmented state
a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous Example: Indonesia, Malaysia Application: portions of the state are separated by oceans, lakes, and mountains; difficult to govern and island nation; communication is also difficult within the state Connection: territorial morphology, exclave
73. Elongated state
a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape Example: Chile, Vietnam Application: difficult to defend and difficult to govern; covers a variety of landscapes Connection: territorial morphology, prorupt state
47. xenophobia
a strong dislike of people who practice another culture Example: Japan's limits on immigration despite a shortage of working-age people Application: preservation of a group's own cultural homogeneity Connection: immigration quotas
78. social area analysis
a study that puts together information from the census tracts to create an overall picture of how people are distributed within an area Example: social class, age and marital status, gender, race and ethnicity Application: uses qualitative and quantitative data from the census to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within urban areas Connection: census tracts, census block
27. Human Development Index (HDI)
a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, a decent standard of living, and per capita incomes Example: In 2016, the U.S. was ranked 10th (tied with Canada) with a score of .920; Norway was 1st with a rank of .949 Application: one of the best tools to keep track of the level of development of a country, as it combines all major social and economic indicators that are responsible for economic development; a perfect score is one Connection: United Nations, GII, development
37. Forward capital
a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons Example: Brasilia in Brazil Application: sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state Connection: capital, overpopulation, urbanization
29. new international division of labor
a system of employment in the various economic sectors spread throughout the world Example: The Cayman Islands (global center for the investment industry through its low taxes and lax regulation of this business) Application: Core countries have rapidly increasing quaternary sectors emphasizing research and development; NICs usually manufacture goods that are developed in the highly developed countries; Peripheral countries have large primary sectors and may export minerals and resources used in the production process Connection: globalization, trade, specialization
26. barter
a system of exchange in which no money changes hands Example: a rural doctor being paid in chickens instead of money; trading your school ID for a pencil Application: most commonly between individuals Connection: trade
3. assembly line (Fordism)
a system of mass production in which an item moved from worker to worker with each worker performing the same task repeatedly, invented by Henry Ford early in the 20th century Example: Ford Motor Co. early in the 20th century Application: allowed companies to produce more standardized products more rapidly and with less-skilled workers than ever before Connection: substitution principle
47. Plantation agriculture
a system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capitol Example: cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, oil palm, rubber trees Application: the only type of commercial agriculture found in LDCs; but owned by a corporation or family from an MDC Connection: commercial farming
20. footloose
a term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production Example: diamonds, computer chips, call centers Application: the cost of the product does not change despite where the product is assembled Connection: industrialization, flexible location
33. entrepôt
a trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties and often at a profit Example: DFW Inland Port Application: can be used to avoid both import duties and sanctions Connection: re-exportation, containerization
42. forced migration
a type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate but do so under threat of violence Example: the Atlantic slave trade, 15th through 19th centuries, Africans removed from Africa and relocated to North America, the Caribbean, and South America Application: can result from political and environmental crises that threaten people's' lives; must flee quickly to stay alive and intend to return home once the danger has passed Connection: internally displaced person, refugees
43. Immigrant states
a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants; popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity Example: United States Application: popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity Connection: migration, immigration
39. peripheral model
a variation of the multiple-nuclei model which describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway Example: Washington, DC Application: the model's name derives from the role of the service nodes with their related suburbs that develop on the periphery of the original city Connection: CBD, functional zonation, multiple-nuclei model
32. possibilism
a view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays Example: different cultures may respond to the same natural environment in diverse ways depending on their beliefs, goals, and available technologies Application: the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives Connection: human-environment interaction, cultural ecology, environmental determinism
34. Ethnic conflict
a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources; often includes genocide and can be caused by boundary disputes Example: the Balkans, Rwanda, Chechnya, Iraq, Israel, West Bank Application: often accompanied by human rights violations (genocide and crimes against humanity), economic decline, state failure, environmental problems, and refugee flows Connection: conflict, ethnicity, religion, genocide, refugees
81. culture of poverty
a way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth Example: (1) shortage of inexpensive housing may force a person to spend a high percentage of his income on rent to avoid homelessness; (2) distribution of political power might result in students in poor neighborhoods attending inadequately funded schools; (3) poor individuals often live far from places with concentrations of entry-level jobs (4) people have difficulty getting credit in any form Application: these problems can be particularly difficult to address in less developed countries Connection: inner cities, underclass
38. Frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control; Example: Amazon Basin, Antarctica, the area between Saudi Arabia and Yemen Application: usually uninhabited or sparsely inhabited or separates countries where a boundary cannot be found Connection: no man's land
13. ghost towns
abandoned settlements of the western United States Example: Tombstone, AZ; Bodie, CA; El Dorado City, NV Application: settlements that have lost their advantages (resources or trade) that they once had Connection: connectivity, accessibility, relative location
39. universal religion
actively seek converts regardless of their ethnic backgrounds; have spread far from their original hearths; members often serve as missionaries who perform charitable works and convert non-believers Example: Christianity, Islam Application: spread from their hearths through conquest and colonization Connection: ethnic religion, popular culture
17. right-to-work law
affirms the right of every American to work for a living without being compelled to belong to a union Example: New Hampshire's labor laws have a provision that prohibits any person from forcing another to join a union as a condition of employment Application: compulsory unionism in any form (union, closed, or agency shop) is a contradiction to the Right to Work principle and the fundamental human right that the principle represents Connection: locational issues
13. cohort
age groups as shown on population pyramids Example: the cohorts of a population pyramid are divided every five years; 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, etc. Application: once any anomaly (unexpected occurrence) appears in a pyramid, it will remain there moving upward until the affected cohort or cohorts disappear from the graph due to death Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, birth deficit, baby boom, baby bust, echo
14. Commercial agriculture
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm Example: mixed grain and livestock (most of the grain raised goes to feed the livestock not for sale) Application: one or two crops are raised for the purpose of earning money for the farmer Connection: mixed crop and livestock, dairy, grain, livestock ranching, Mediterranean, commercial gardening, plantation
1. culture
all of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects Example: in a large city people can be seen working in offices, factories, and stores, and living in high-rise apartments or suburban homes Application: a visible force seen in a group's actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape as well as an invisible force guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions Connection: culture trait, culture complex, taboo
2. culture trait
all of the elements that make up the building blocks of a culture Example: language, religion Application: a single trait is only one small part of a culture Connection: culture, culture complex, taboo
53. Suitcase farm
an American commercial farm in which no one lives and work/harvesting is done by migratory workers; the farmer lives outside the community Example: areas of Kansas Application: farmer is seen on farm at planting and harvest Connection: sidewalk farmer
20. Debt-for-nature swap
an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors who agree to forgive debts in return for environmental protection Example: In 2006, the US forgave $24 million in debt to Guatemala for forest conservation over 15 years Application: can help countries with rich tropical forests finance long-term conservation efforts Connection: rainforest, tropical forest
30. Feedlot (CAFO)
an animal feeding operation that confines animals for more than 45 days during a growing season, in an area that does not produce vegetation, and meets certain size thresholds (CAFO is short for concentrated animal feeding operation) Example: biggest feedlot in the world is near Grand View, Iowa Application: enables cattle to gain weight faster through grain feeding and protein supplements than by traditional grazing Connection: factory farm, manufactured landscape
19. Dairying
an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk which may be either processed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventually retail sale Example: Most of the milk from New Zealand's dairy industry is made into cheese for easier handling and less spoilage Application: milk is produced daily and the cows must be milked twice daily at about the same time; the use of machinery has allowed farms to increase their size Connection: milkshed, dairy parlor
38. corporate park (business park)
an area specially designed and landscaped to accommodate business offices, warehouses, light industry Example: Platinum Park office complex in Plano, Toyota Headquarters in Plano Application: these are popular in suburbs where development is cheaper because of the lower land costs and lower building costs for building wider instead of higher; some businesses prefer the larger floorplans as more efficient reducing time lost moving between floors; located near motorways or main roads Connection: postindustrial, brownfields, deindustrialization
12. urban hearths
an area where cities first emerged (there are five) Example: Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huang He (Yellow) and Wei Huang (Yangtze), and Mesoamerica Application: the first cities arose in Mesopotamia—river valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, covered one-half to two square miles, populations rarely over 30,000, densities could reach 10,000 per square mile Connection: urbanization
90. food deserts
an area where residents have limited or no access to healthy food because of inadequate transportation Example: South Dallas; Over-the-Rhine (Cincinnati) Application: food deserts are also signified by high levels of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the community which result from residents buying their food from corner stores that sell processed foods and plentiful fast food options Connection: inner cities, ghettos, racial segregation
6. Agricultural location model
an attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices Example: Von Thunen model of agricultural location Application: explains the relationship between the proximity of a farm to market and the crops grown on the farm Connection: agricultural model, land use model
31. fundamentalism
an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith found within every religion Example: a form of Christianity where the Bible is taken literally and obeyed in full Application: Fundamentalists believe that people should live traditional lifestyles similar to those prescribed in the faith's holy writings; the strength of fundamentalism diminishes with greater distance from the religious hearth Connection: religion, extremism
56. "Tragedy of the commons"
an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource; as the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms others who can no longer enjoy the benefits Example: Grand Banks fisheries off the coast of Newfoundland which have been overfished Application: phrase first used by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to describe how environmental resources are overused and eventually depleted Connection: sustainability, conservation
35. postindustrial
an economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and more emphasis on services and technology Example: the United States Application: the shift from an industrial to a postindustrial economy changes the landscape of a country Connection: tertiary economic activities, quaternary economic activities, quinary economic activities, brownfields, Rust Belt
11. satellite city
an established town near a very large city that has grown into a city independent of the larger one Example: Plano Application: differ from edge cities (large employment bases and cultural offerings) in that satellite cities must have a true historic downtown, a distinct independent municipal government, existed as a city prior to becoming interconnected with the larger metropolitan core and are surrounded by both their own family of bedroom communities and a belt of rural land between themselves and the central city Connection: urbanization, percent urban, suburbanization, reurbanization, exurbanization
33. Exclave
an exclave is a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory Example: Alaska or Kaliningrad (part of Russia on the Baltic Sea) Application: separated from another country, but not islands Connection: enclave, fragmented state
6. equator
an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles Example: the main line of latitude Application: designated 0° and the poles as 90° north and 90° south Connection: absolute location, relative location, latitude, longitude, prime meridian, International Date Line
8. prime meridian
an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through Greenwich, England Example: main line of longitude Application: designated as 0° Connection: absolute location, relative location, latitude, longitude, equator, International Date Line
9. International Date Line
an imaginary line that runs roughly from pole to pole opposite the prime meridian with deviations to accommodate international boundaries Example: the corresponding side of the prime meridian Application: designated as 180° Connection: absolute location, latitude, longitude, equator, prime meridian
21. urban system
an independent set of cities within a region Example: Dallas—how the suburbs interact with the central city and vice versa Application: models (gravity model, rank-size rule, primate cities, central place theory) have emerged to explain the distribution and interaction of these urban centers; explains how cities are dependent on each other (core, semi-periphery, periphery model also applies to cities) Connection: gravity model, rank-size rule, primate cities, central place theory, core-periphery model
7. percent urban
an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas Example: as of the 2010 Census, 80.7% of the US population lived in urban areas Application: more than 50% of the world's population lives in cities and demographers estimate that by the year 2030, 60% will live in cities (most of those will be in developing countries) Connection: urbanization, suburbanization, reurbanization, exurbanization
14. labor-oriented (labor-dependent)
an industry requiring people with very specific skills often locate close to major training institutions (colleges or universities) Example: high-tech companies locating in Silicon Valley Application: some functions can be shared between industries or employees can be hired away from other firms Connection: locational theory, agglomeration
21. ubiquitous industries
an industry that is everywhere Example: newspaper publishing, bakeries, dairies Application: market-oriented industries whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of the population Connection: footloose industry
18. locational interdependence
an instance when the location decision for a factory is dependent upon the location of other factories Example: transportation firms or accounting firms that might specialize in servicing their industry Application: allows businesses to make use of the same services Connection: locational issues
42. UN Sustainable Development Goals
an international declaration adopted in 2015 of 17 goals to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030; replaced the UN Millennium Goals which were not met by their deadline of 2015 Example: Goal 1—No poverty Application: simplified goals to be reached by 2030, combining development with environmental conservation Connection: development, United Nations, poverty, malnutrition
35. European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after WWII to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members Example: N/A Application: loosely binds member states of Europe dependently as economic partners allowing free trade and free crossing of borders and a common currency for those states who choose to participate Connection: supranational organization
19. just-in-time delivery
an inventory strategy created by Toyota to allow companies to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs Example: the auto industry; also WalMart (low inventory) Application: advantages include low inventory, freer cash resources, low wastage, high quality production, and high customer responsiveness Connection: inventory
44. International organization
an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence Example: International Committee of the Red Cross Application: define the important issues and decide which can be grouped together; not all seek economic, political, and social cooperation Connection: (INGOs)—international nongovernmental organizations and (NGOs)—non-governmental organizations; (IGOs)—Intergovernmental organizations
1. spatial approach
analysis that considers the distribution of phenomena across the surface of the earth as well as the movement of people and things, changes in places over time, and human perceptions of space and place Example: Typical questions include why are things where they are? How did things become distributed as they are? What is changing the pattern of distribution? What are the implications of the spatial distribution for people Application: considers the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth (location, distance, direction, orientation, pattern, and interconnection) Connection: spatial pattern, spatial distribution, maps
13. nativism
anti-immigrant attitudes Example: opposition in the US to Roman Catholic immigrants in the 1800s and early 1900s Application: the cultural majority may bring violence or government actions against the immigrant or minority group; often nativist attitudes are directed toward one particular group Connection: acculturation, assimilation, multiculturalism
15. Intensive agriculture
any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield Example: Rice farming in southeast Asia Application: involves a lot of work (by hand) on a small section of land Connection: Subsistence
24. Pesticides
any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest Example: Roundup, a type of herbicide, is used to control weeds in farmers' fields Application: grouped according to the types of pests they kill—insecticides (insects), herbicides (plants), rodenticides (rats and mice), bactericides (bacteria), fungicides (fungi), larvicides (larvae) Connection: pollutant, insecticide, herbicide, Roundup, Monsanto, environmental modification
50. locator maps
are illustrations used in books and advertisements to show specific locations mentioned in the text Example: could be used to show the location of a hotel by a highway interchange Application: GIS has allowed for easily customizable maps for direct marketing (single business location, customer to business, multiple location, or defined area locators) Connection: reference maps, political maps, physical maps, road maps, plat maps
68. functional regions (nodal)
area organized around a focal point and defined by an activity that occurs across the region, often united by networks of communication and transportation that are centered on a node Example: pizza delivery areas (the pizza shop is the node), a country (the capital city is the node) Application: used to display information about economic areas Connection: regionalization, formal regions, perceptual regions
67. formal regions (uniform, homogeneous)
area united by one or more traits which can be physical, cultural, or economic Example: physical (the Sahara Desert), cultural (area of Nigeria where most people speak Yoruba), economic (the Gold Coast of Africa—Ghana—which exports gold) Application: generally identified to help explain broad global or national patterns and illustrating a general concept rather than a precise mathematical distribution Connection: regionalization, functional regions, perceptual regions
60. residential zones
areas of a city devoted to where people live (rather than to commercial or industrial functions) Example: Duck Creek, College Park Application: ordinances for these zones often set limits on the density and size of houses in specific zones; can only contain large homes on spacious lots while other zones are composed of smaller homes on small lots and still others contain apartment buildings Connection: residential density gradient, zoning ordinance
87. ghettos
areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination Example: South Central Los Angeles Application: ghetto residents often feel trapped because of social or political factors or lack of economic opportunities Connection: public housing, scattered site
4. suburb
areas that are primarily residential areas near cities Example: Richardson Application: suburban areas are often home to commuters who need access to the CBD along main roads and railways, and they are also within easy reach of the countryside Connection: ecumene, urban, rural, settlement
27. distribution
arrangement of features in space; Example: linear (towns along a railroad line), circular (homes of people who shop at a particular store), geometric (squares formed by roads in the Midwest), random (distribution of pet owners in a city) Application: three main properties: density, concentration, pattern Connection: Spatial pattern, density, spatial association
25. Confederation
association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement Example: Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (the former Soviet Union), Switzerland Application: deals with issues such as defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency Connection: Core-periphery, World-Systems Theory, Wallerstein
36. intervening obstacles
barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult Example: an economic obstacle—a migrant lacks enough money to reach a destination Application: can be economic, social, political, or environmental Connection: migration, push factors, pull factors
38. gravity model of migration
based on the idea that as the importance of one or both of the locations increase, there will also be an increase in movement between them. The farther apart the two locations are, the movement between them will be less Example: the Cuban migration to the US following Fidel Castro's successful overthrow of the government in 1959; most Cubans settled in Florida, the state closest to Cuba, and in large cities like Miami; today more than two-thirds of Cuban-Americans in the US live in Florida and more than half live in Miami Application: predicts the degree of migration between two places Connection: Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
39. Hunting and gathering
before the agricultural revolution, humans gained food by hunting animals, fishing, or gathering plants; they lived in small groups (less than 50 people) and were nomadic following game and seasonal growth of plants Example: the San of Namibia, the Tsimane of Bolivia Application: demands extensive land and permanent settlements are rarely possible as people have to keep moving whenever the local food supply moves on or runs out Connection: foraging culture, subsistence
14. taboos
behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture Example: the taboo Muslims and Jews have banning the eating of pork products Application: taboos can change over time Connection: culture, culture trait, culture complex
38. ethnic religion
belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers; most members are born or adopted into it Example: Judaism, Hinduism Application: members have a shared historical experience or struggle that creates strong bonds; rarely recruit new followers actively; spreads through relocation diffusion Connection: folk culture, relocation diffusion, universal religion
4. folk culture
beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change Example: people learned how to make shelters out of available resources (snow or mud bricks, wood) Application: provide a unique sense of place and belonging; folk cultures are disappearing at a rapid pace, threatened by the diffusion of popular culture; folk cultures spread only through relocation diffusion Connection: culture, popular culture, homogeneous
11. Biorevolution and Biotechnology
biorevolution is the rapid transformation into post-humanism; biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use Example: miracle rice seed (a hybrid rice that is hardier and increased yields) Application: Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest-resistant crops Connection: GMO (genetically modified organisms), Organic
17. Ethnographic/Cultural boundary
borders based on culture traits, like language and religion Example: Between Armenia and Azerbaijan Application: not always a clear boundary; more of a transition between cultural traits Connection: isogloss
16. Natural/Physical boundary
boundary created by a physical feature Example: Rio Grande: U.S. and Mexico or Pyrenees Mountains: between Spain and France Application: physical features can change over time (shifting rivers) Connection: boundary
62. Reunification
bring together two parts of a country under one government; example: Germany Example: After the Cold War, East and West Germany were reunified to become Germany; North and South Korea periodically discuss reunification Application: restoration of political unity Connection: balkanization, devolution, centrifugal forces
6. cultural region
broad areas where groups share similar but not identical cultural traits Example: the division of the US into 12 major culture regions by Wilbur Zelinsky Application: divides land areas into smaller chunks easier to analyze Connection: culture, culture hearth, formal region, functional region, perceptual region
93. public transportation
buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency Example: DART—trains, busses, vans Application: US governments have made public transportation a priority; other countries have placed a higher priority on building, maintaining, and promoting the use of public transportation; of the top 50 urban train systems in the world only two are in the US—New York City and Washington, DC Connection: infrastructure
4. substitution principle
businesses seek to maximize profit by substituting one factor of production for another Example: in car production could be a different color or leather instead of cloth seats Application: the use of computers and increased automation has more easily allowed every product coming off the assembly line to be different Connection: assembly line, Fordism
6. physiological population density
calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land Example: Egypt's physiological density is 8078 per square mile (3,156 per square kilometer) with a arithmetic density of 226 per square mile (88 per square kilometer) Application: a large difference between the arithmetic and physiological densities indicates that a small percentage of a region's land is capable of growing crops; a much more useful measure than the arithmetic density when trying to determine a region's carrying capacity; countries with high physiological densities face extra challenges feeding their population Connection: population, arithmetic population density, agricultural population density, arable land, carrying capacity
22. gross national income (GNI) per capita
calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country Example: In the US, $17.041 Trillion (2017) Application: includes income from investments Connection: Gross domestic product, Gross national product, economic development
23. Environmental modification
changes made to the environment Example: a farmer spraying pesticides Application: changes made to the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification, extensive subsistence agriculture Connection: desertification, ecosystem, subsistence agriculture
15. micropolitan statistical area (μsa)
cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration Example: Paris, TX; Del Rio, TX Application: significant centers of population and production despite not having the economic or political importance of large cities; the area draws workers and shoppers from a wide local area; because the designation is based on the core urban cluster's population and not on that of the whole area, some micropolitan areas are larger than some metropolitan areas Connection: metropolitan area, metropolitan statistical area, nodal region
19. pedestrian cities
cities shaped by the distances people could walk Example: Venice, Italy is considered the greatest pedestrian city in the world because it has the largest pedestrian street network completely free of cars Application: although this is an older city model, many urban areas are returning to a "walkable" nature Connection: Borchert's Model, infrastructure, streetcar suburbs, Burgess Model
2. urban
cities with high concentrations of people Example: Dallas Application: urban area can refer to an area with a large amount of people residing in it, an area that has been significantly developed, or an area where the distance between buildings is very small Connection: ecumene, suburban, rural, settlement
74. qualitative data
collected as interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations Example: asking people if they think an intersection is dangerous Application: more difficult to analyze than quantitative data Connection: fieldwork, GPS, remote sensing, GIS, quantitative data
73. consolidation
combining a number of things into a single more effective or coherent whole Example: Kansas City and Wyandotte County Application: a city will consolidate city and county governments to resolve fragmentation of regional issues so elements can be handled jointly Connection: municipal, municipality, annexation, bedroom communities, urban planning, special districts, unincorporated areas
3. Agribusiness
commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations Example: Tyson Chicken, Smithfield Pork Application: many are vertically integrated (Ore-Ida makes frozen French fries—potato farm, potato processing plant) Connection: commercial agriculture, distribution, producer
58. Truck farm
commercial gardening and fruit farming so named because the word was a middle English word meaning bartering of the exchange of commodities Example: major areas are California, Texas, Florida, and the Great Lakes; crops include tomatoes, lettuce, melons, beets, broccoli, celery, radishes, onions, cabbage, and strawberries Application: as the use of railroads and large-capacity trucks expanded and refrigerated carriers were introduced, truck farms spread to cheaper lands of the West and South, shipping seasonal crops to relatively distant markets where their cultivation is limited by climate Connection: specialized farming, commercial farming, market gardening, horticulture
20. streetcar suburbs
communities that grew along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city Example: San Francisco was a streetcar suburb Application: encouraged the movement of the population farther from the center of a city and growth became concentrated along the lines of these small urban rail systems Connection: Borchert's Model, infrastructure, pedestrian cities, Hoyt Model
72. bedroom communities
commuter suburbs which are primarily residential with no major employment center to call its own; the only commercial space is retail and services for the residents (banks, groceries, malls) Example: Parker, Lucas Application: residents often choose bedroom communities because of affordability relative to living closer to the city, lower perceived crime, and schools with students that look just like their kids Connection: municipal, municipality, annexation, consolidation, urban planning, special districts, unincorporated areas
9. agricultural population density
compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land Example: the Netherlands, 31 farmers per square mile; Bangladesh, 431 farmers per square mile Application: gives an indication of the efficiency of the region's farmers; a lower number means farmers have access to technology to produce large quantities of food with few workers Connection: population, population density, physiological density, arable land, carrying capacity
61. Religious conflict
conflict between religions creating bloodshed Example: Israel/Palestine (Jews/Muslims); Northern Ireland/Ireland (Protestants/Catholics) Application: the underlying cause of many ethnic conflicts Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces, religion, ethnicity, racism
8. Allocational boundary disputes
conflict over resources that may not be divided by the border, such as natural gas reserves beneath the soil Example: Colorado River (Nevada is using majority of the water resources to be shared with other states); Iraq and Kuwait (oil reserves; Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) Application: the main resource issues tend to be oil reserves under the seafloor and water rights Connection: dispute, boundary
5. Definitional boundary disputes
conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract Example: Saudi Arabia and Oman Application: One of the countries will usually sue the other in the World Court which will try to determine what was intended when the boundaries were originally described Connection: dispute, boundary
76. census tracts
contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census; in the US, typically between 4,000 and 12,000 people Example: Berkner High School is located in census tract 0190.24 Application: each tract is subdivided into block groups, and each block group is further subdivided into blocks Connection: census block, social area analysis
18. newly industrialized country
countries in the transition stage between developing and developed countries; newly industrializing countries typically have rapidly growing economies. Example: Mexico Application: countries moving away from an agriculturally based economy to one that is industrially based Connection: core, periphery, semi-periphery, more developed country, less developed country
32. theocracies
countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws Example: Iran Application: tend to be fundamentalist countries Connection: religion
40. galactic city model/edge city (Harris Model)
created by Chauncy Harris in the 1950s based on Detroit; described the spread of US cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner citykluyhgnyju78yuhb vxc Example: Dallas Application: as suburbs grew, some of the functions of the CBD began to appear to them; at key locations along transportation routes, mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes emerged (edge cities) Connection: CBD, functional zonation, peripheral model, sector model, concentric zone model
25. pidgin language
created by speakers of two different languages as a simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary but not the native language of either group Example: In Papua New Guinea, the pidgin combines English and Papuan languages Application: allows speakers of different languages to conduct trade Connection: creole language
9. popular culture
culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics Example: blue jeans (US), European soccer, Japanese anime, Indian Bollywood movies Application: the adoption by various groups of cultural traits, types of businesses, and the built landscape which have spread quickly over a large area; elements often begin in urban areas and diffuse quickly through the media, especially the Internet Connection: globalization, cultural change, diffusion, folk culture
33. Third agricultural revolution
currently in progress, its principal orientation is the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) Example: development of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and GEs (genetically engineered crops Application: rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers Connection: Green Revolution, chemicals, biotechnology
31. First agricultural revolution
dating back 10,000 years, the beginning of plant and animal domestication leading to permanent settlements; the Neolithic Revolution Example: earliest known developments took place in the Middle East Application: transformation from hunting and gathering to purposefully planting and harvesting Connection: Neolithic Revolution
69. perceptual regions (vernacular)
defined by the informal sense of place people ascribe the them; the boundaries vary because people have a different sense of what defines and unites these regions Example: the American "South," the Middle East, and "Upstate" New York Application: the exact boundaries depend on the person defining them Connection: regionalization, formal regions, functional regions, mental maps
50. Sauer, Carl O.
defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group; a combination of cultural, economic, and physical features such as language, religion, agriculture, industry, climate, and vegetation. Example: argued that no land escaped alteration by human activities Application: published an important book on the origins of agriculture Connection: cultural landscape, agricultural landscape, built landscape
28. hexagonal hinterlands
depiction of market areas in Christaller's model (Central Place Theory) Example: Nesting hexagons allow for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region Application: Christaller chose hexagons for his model because the shape is a compromise between a square (people in the corners would be too far from the central place) and a circle (overlapping areas or missing areas) Connection: central place theory, central place, threshold, range, market area, urban system
35. concentric zone model (Burgess Model)
describes the city as a series of rings that surrounds the central business district, named after E.W. Burgess who proposed it in the 1920s based on Chicago Own words: Example: Pleasant Grove and Oak Cliff were early suburbs of Dallas (before the city surrounded them) Application: Burgess described three additional rings of residential housing; with greater distance from the CGD, land became more plentiful and affordable, residences became larger and of higher quality, and population densities decreased; the suburbs of the 1920s were much closer to the CBD than are the suburbs today. Connection: functional zonation, CBD, American model
30. Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
designated area of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production Example: Mexico (maquiladoras), Dominican Republic (free zone), China (special economic zones) Application: in addition to providing the benefits of a free trade zone, offer incentives such as exemptions from certain taxes and business regulations; often located near international airports, seaports, or land borders from where the products can be exported easily Connection: free trade, globalization, containerization, maquiladoras
45. reference maps
designed for people to refer to for general information about places Example: political maps, physical maps, road maps, plat maps, locator maps Application: provides information about places, the most common being political maps Connection: thematic maps, political maps, physical maps, road maps, plat maps, locator maps
38. multiple-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman Model)
developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1940s about Chicago; suggests that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers (nodes); the characteristics of each node either attracted or repelled certain types of activities creating a city of patchwork land uses each with its own center (nucleus) Example: Los Angeles Application: the CBD and related functions continue to exist but are joined by smaller business districts that emerged in the suburbs; a zone of industry could be in a variety of locations and would attract related industries and an areas of higher density housing Connection: CBD, functional zonation, American model
25. central place theory
developed by Walter Christaller, using hexagons to divide areas to explain the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services Example: Walmart used the theory to plan its geographic expansion, diffusion up the urban hierarchy Application: larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther Connection: threshold, range, urban system, central place, market area, hexagonal hinterlands
30. sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Example: the use of wind energy to provide power for homes, offices, and other buildings Application: conservation of resources to insure their availability for future generations Connection: development, renewable resources, non-renewable resources
62. Robinson projection
devised by Arthur Robinson in 1963 at the request of Rand McNally (atlas publisher) as a compromise to moderate distortions in each of four areas (distance, direction, size, shape) Example: Equator is twice as long as the prime meridian and the poles are flat Application: for general use Connection: map projection, Mercator Projection, Peters Projection, Conic Projection
21. Dietary energy consumption
dietary energy is the food available for human consumption, usually expressed in kilocalories or kilojoules per person per day Example: United States 3,770 kcal, World 2,803 kcal, Sub-Saharan Africa 2,195 kcal Application: gives an overestimate as it reflects both food consumed and food wasted; correlates to obesity rates Connection: malnutrition, undernutrition, obesity
44. refugees
displaced people who have a well-founded fear that they will be harmed if they return home Example: half of the Syrian population during the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011 Application: can never return home or they will forfeit their lives Connection: forced migration, internally displaced person
6. Locational boundary disputes
disputes that arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the intention of the border is, as when the border has shifted Example: the Mississippi River (areas once in Mississippi have found themselves in Louisiana when the river shifts course) Application: Occurs when the border shifts and the original boundary is called into question Connection: dispute, boundary
55. Sustainable yield
ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of the capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same time or increasing over time Example: as trees are cut down for timber, more trees are planted for future use Application: never harvesting more than can be supported by the regenerative capacities of the underlying natural system Connection: conservation, sustainability
46. Planned economy
economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services Example: China, Vietnam, Cuba, the former Soviet Union Application: there are no choices in available products Connection: communism
69. Supranationalism
efforts by three or more states to forge associations for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals Example: United Nations, European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, Commonwealth of Independent States Application: over and beyond the authority of states (an international organization is a system where states cooperate to achieve common goals; a supranational is over the nations; supercedes state authority; each nation has given up a portion of its sovereignty to join Connection: sovereignty, international
19. per capita
equally to each person Example: U.S. GDP was $18.56 trillion in 2016 making the U.S. the 3rd largest economy; when divided by the population, the per capita GDP is $57,300, falling to 18th. Application: per capita divides a statistical measurement for an organization by its population Connection: GDP, GNP, GNI
88. urban colonies
ethnic enclaves created by immigrants where new residents can be close to religious institutions, stores that sell familiar goods, and friends and relatives who speak their language Example: Chinatown, Little Italy, Greektown Application: More recently, ethnic enclaves have been composed of Serbian, Ethiopian, Filipino, Somalian, and Hmong immigrants; as the immigrants acculturate, the enclave might disappear Connection: ethnic enclave; migration
11. Primary economic activity
extracts or harvests products from the earth, including the production of raw material and basic foods Example: farming Application: a large percentage of the workforce in developing countries Connection: secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
31. maquiladoras
factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico Example: BMW, Canon Business Machines, Bayer Application: most workers tend to be women who are not paid well Connection: free trade, globalization, export processing zone
3. rural
farms and villages with low concentrations of people Example: the Panhandle region of Texas Application: used in contrast to urban; generally a low-population, often agriculturally based Connection: ecumene, urban, suburban, settlement
57. National iconography
figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; the art of representation by pictures or images which may or may not have symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning Example: the flag, the state's name, buildings and monuments, historical events and sites, symbols of national identity (as found on coins, stamps, and official documents) Application: the symbolic "glue" around which a population develops a sense of common identity; particularly important in multinational states Connection: symbols, flags, unity
60. Peters projection (Gall-Peters projection)
first described by James Gall in 1855; largely ignored until 1967 with Arno Peters's identical projection showing spatial distribution related to area Example: Areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map Application: Peters argued that his projection restored the less powerful nations near the equator to their rightful proportions which led to the adoption of the projection among some socially concerned groups Connection: map projection, Mercator projection, conic projection, Robinson projection
16. nodal region
focal point in a matrix of connections (another name for a functional region) Example: micropolitan statistical area; Chicago Metropolitan Area Application: defined by interactions or connections; the metropolitan statistical area is built around the central city of its area Connection: metropolitan area, metropolitan statistical area, micropolitan statistical area, functional region
43. internally displaced person
forced migration within a country's borders Example: thousands of Louisianans who fled to neighboring states after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Application: usually resulting from environmental crises that threaten lives requiring people to flee quickly to preserve their lives; most plan to return home after the danger has passed Connection: forced migration, refugees
21. Centrifugal forces
forces that divide a state Example: internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences Application: centrifugal forces fueled by ethnic tensions divided the Soviet Union Connection: conflict, centripetal force
22. Centripetal forces
forces that unite a state Example: national culture, shared ideological objectives, common faith Application: a reason for a state's existence (raison d'être); for a state to exist in a stable form, the centripetal forces must be stronger than the existing centrifugal forces Connection: conflict, unity, centrifugal forces
39. patterns
general arrangement of things being studied Example: a fisherman might live alongside a river since rivers are a source of fish Application: also includes the space between the objects Connection: processes
31. EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast; the exception to this rule occurs when EEZs overlap (state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart) then it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary; usually any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state Example: The top three countries in area of EEZ—United States, France, Australia Application: conflicts occur over fishing rights and where there is a permanent ice shelf Connection: Law of the Sea; UNCLOS
32. world cities/global cities
global cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries Example: New York, London, Tokyo, Paris Application: all are currently media hubs and financial centers with influential stock exchanges, banks, and corporate headquarters; many are the headquarters of international organizations Connection: megacities, megalopolis, conurbation
13. Collective farm
government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the government as in a communist state Example: a kibbutz in Israel Application: instead of receiving money as their pay, they are paid in a portion of the crop Connection: commune, kibbutz, volunteerism
18. language tree
graphic that shows the relationship among the 15 language families Example: Application: a tree is often used because it suggests how several languages are related to each other as well as how one language grows out of another Connection: linguists, language family, language branch, language group, dialect
30. Neo-Malthusians
group who built on Malthus's theory and suggested that people would not just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources; advocate population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations
28. trading blocs
groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules Example: NAFTA (Mexico, US, Canada) Application: these agreements encourage and ease trade restrictions Connection: trade, globalization, supranational organizations
22. Double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field Example: In northern Ghana, farmers have begun to grow a second crop of vegetables following the harvest of their main grain crop during the dry season when farmers usually become idle Application: can be bad for the soil, but offers source for surplus Connection: polyculture
45. polytheistic
having many gods Example: Hinduism (although Hindus consider all deities as manifestations of one god); the ancient Greeks—Apollo, Athena, Dionysus, Zeus Application: these gods are usually distinct and separate beings often seen as similar to humans in their personality traits but with additional individual powers, abilities, knowledge, or perceptions; common deities in polytheistic beliefs include a Sky god, Death deity, Mother goddess, Love goddess, Creator deity, Trickster deity, Life-death-rebirth deity and Culture hero Connection: religion, monotheism
11. overpopulation
having more people than an area can support Example: India and Indonesia Application: dependent on population distribution, density, and carrying capacity; high population density can result in environmental problems (pollution and/or depletion of resources) Connection: population, population density, carrying capacity
64. filtering
houses passing from one social group to another Example: a home built for a single family might be subdivided for use by two or more families or replaced with apartments Application: this usually occurs as the wealthiest residents move new homes and people with less wealth move into the homes they live; might also include the changing use of a house Connection: invasion and succession, gated communities, big-box retail, suburbanization of business
18. sense of place
how humans tend to perceive the characteristics of places in different ways based on their personal beliefs; a special place from the past or a favorite place in the present (sites of family vacations) Example: the characteristics of Rome, Italy would be described differently by a local resident than by an outsider or by a Catholic than by a Hindu; the key concepts of a sense of place are that they can differ a lot between different people and previous memories and experiences with that place play a key role in the creation of a sense of place for a specific person Application: if a place inspires no strong emotional ties in people, it has placelessness Connection: place, region, site, situation, placelessness
12. accessibility
how quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location Example: the public transport accessibility level (PTAL) in the UK is a method of transport planning that determines the access level of geographical locations in regards to public transportation Application: can be used to describe relative location Connection: relative location, connectivity
11. connectivity
how well two locations are tied together by roads or other links Example: Dallas and Fort Worth are connected by several major highways: I-20 and I-30 Application: can be used to describe relative location Connection: relative location, accessibility
65. nonspatial models
illustrate theories and concepts using words, graphs, or tables Example: demographic transition model, Rostow's modernization model Application: depict changes over time rather than across space Connection: geographic models, spatial models
41. return migration
immigrants moving back to their former home Example: Immigrant engineers and scientists from India who study in the US and decide to return to India after study and work in the US Application: can either be repatriation or circular migration (repeated migration) Connection: Ravenstein's Laws of Migration, migration, push factors, pull factors
8. space-time compression
improvements in transportation and communication that have shortened the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places Example: today digital information takes seconds or less to travel long distances Application: has accelerated culture change around the world Connection: globalization, cultural change, diffusion
57. citadel
in Islamic cities, a defensive fort designed to protect the city, with its related palace and barracks for soldiers; walls with gates and towers were typical in earlier times and they (or their remnants) still survive in many modern Islamic cities Example: Citadel of Cairo, Egypt Application: major roads run from the gates to the center, and along these roads are traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars Connection: functional zonation, Islamic City Model
56. mosque
in Islamic cities, the principal mosque is located in the center of the city and usually surrounded by a complex of structures to serve the public, such as schools for children and soup kitchens for the poor Example: Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, Indonesia Application: as cities grew, additional mosques were added in outlying neighborhoods Connection: functional zonation, Islamic City Model
58. suqs
in Islamic cities, traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars along the major roads leading to the citadel Example: Al Mirbid outside Basra, Iraq Application: these markets often exhibit spatial differentiation with more expensive shops and luxury items found near the center of town and bulkier, less valuable materials for sale near the wall and gates Connection: functional zonation, Islamic City Model
37. sector model (Hoyt Model)
in the 1930s developed by Homer Hoyt (also on Chicago) describing how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city's history; each grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges or sectors of land use rather than rings xample: British cities (Newcastle, England) Application: describes sectors of land use for low-, medium-, and high-income housing and notes a sector for transportation extending from the edge to the center of the city which would contain rail, canal, and other major transport networks Connection: CBD, functional zonation, American model
52. informal economy zone
in the African model, an area that thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations Example: sub-Saharan African cities Application: the informal economy operates outside of the formal economies; no taxes are collected Connection: African Model, functional zonation, periodic markets
53. periodic markets
in the African model, an area where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly, to sell their goods Example: sub-Saharan African cities Application: found in the informal economic zone Connection: African Model, functional zonation, informal economy zone
55. squatter settlements
in the African model, areas on the periphery of people who simply reside wherever they can find space Example: Kibera, on the western edge of Nairobi, Kenya Application: these communities face problems with drugs, crime, and disease Connection: African Model, functional zonation
51. colonial CBD
in the African model, built by the colonizing European countries and based on their CBDs Example: sub-Saharan African cities Application: has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers Connection: African Model, functional zonation
54. informal settlements
in the African model, located on the periphery of cities, densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage Example: Kibera, on the western edge of Nairobi, Kenya Application: the growth of these settlements often results from the rapid influx of migrants into cities Connection: African Model, functional zonation
36. zone of transition
in the Burgess Model, the first ring surrounding the CBD that includes industrial uses mixed with poorer quality housing Example: Deep Ellum of Dallas mid 20th century Application: Manufacturing can take advantage of proximity to the center-city workers and affordable land; housing often consists of older, subdivided homes that result in high density Connection: Burgess Model, concentric zone model, CBD, functional zonation
43. spine
in the Latin American Model, a narrow zone of development extending from the urban core ending in a growing secondary center (a mall) Example: Mexico City Application: the spine is a corridor considered to be an extension of the CBD and is home to many commercial and industrial applications Connection: functional zonation, Latin American Model, Griffin-Ford Model
44. mall
in the Latin American Model, a secondary city center located at the end of the commercial spine Example: Rio de Janeiro Application: an edge city for the use of the elite Connection: functional zonation, Latin American Model, Griffin-Ford Model
45. periferico
in the Latin American Model, the outer ring of the city Example: Rio de Janeiro Application: characterized by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing known as shantytowns Connection: shantytowns, disamenity zones, favelas, barrios
46. shantytowns
in the Latin American city, areas of poorly built housing Example: Rio de Janeiro Application: often the residents are recent migrants to the city Connection: functional zonation, Latin American Model, Griffin-Ford Model, barrios, favelas
49. disamenity zones
in the Latin American model, an area not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs; the location of favelas or barrios Example: Rio de Janeiro Application: often in physically unsafe locations such as on ravines or on steep, unstable mountain slopes Connection: Latin American Model, squatter settlement, periferico
1. Annexation
incorporation of a territory into another geo-political entity Example: In March 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula into Russian territory Application: cities often annex nearby land to make the city larger (land to the north of Richardson was annexed in the 1960s) Connection: seizure, occupation, invasion, conquest, takeover, appropriation
74. special districts
independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments (sometimes called special service districts, special district governments, limited purpose entities, or special-purpose districts) Example: DART (regional transportation district for Dallas and area cities) Application: districts created by a city to fill a specific need Connection: municipal, municipality, annexation, bedroom communities, urban planning, consolidation, unincorporated areas
27. Extractive industry
industries involved in the activities of prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploration, development, or extraction Example: oil and gas extraction, mining, dredging and quarrying Application: industry central to the economies of many developing countries and giving rise to human rights problems so serious they can devastate vulnerable communities Connection: Primary industries
23. slang
informal usage by a segment of the population Example: brunch was slang before it became standard Application: may new words begin as slang Connection: dialect, region
73. quantitative data
information that can be measured and recorded using numbers Example: the distribution of people by income or age group Application: often used with GIS because it lends itself to analysis using formulas and computers Connection: fieldwork, GPS, remote sensing, GIS, qualitative data
14. Quaternary economic activity
intellectual activities Example: a doctor Application: subset of tertiary economic activities; not used in CIA World Factbook Connection: primary, secondary, tertiary, quinary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
10. Economic activity
interaction in which a good or service is extracted, produced, consumed, or exchanged and can be found in nearly everything that people need to live Example: working in a grocery store Application: higher percentages are found in more developed countries Connection: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
7. Operational boundary disputes
involve neighbors who differ over the way their boundary should function Example: United States and Mexico because Mexico does a poor job in keeping people from exiting the border but the US does a better job stopping illegal immigration Application: conflict is not over the border but the use of the border Connection: dispute, boundary
8. suburbanization
involves the process of people moving usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities Example: people moving from Dallas to Irving, Garland, Plano, Frisco Application: the communities formed are connected to the city for jobs and services; they are often less densely populated and less ethnically diverse than cities Connection: urbanization, percent urban, reurbanization, exurbanization
7. arable
land suitable for growing crops Example: in the last 40 years, the world has lost a third of its arable land to erosion or pollution Application: changes in arable land give information about a region's agricultural resources; changes in land use will result in changes in the volume of produce available and influence employment opportunities Connection: population, population density, physiological density, agricultural density, carrying capacity
7. culture realm
larger areas that include several regions Example: 10 major cultural realms—Anglo America (The US and Canada), Latin America (Central and South America, the Caribbean), European, Slavic (Russia), Islamic (North Africa and Southwest Asia), Sub-Saharan Africa, Sino-Japanese (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan), Indian (South Asia), Southeast Asian, Austral European (Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands) Application: cultures within a culture realm have a few traits that they all share (language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history) Connection: culture, culture region
84. eminent domain
laws that allow the government to seize land for public use after paying owners the market value for their property Example: the houses on the site where AT&T Stadium is located in Arlington were taken over by eminent domain Application: cities often use these laws to enable them to build new roads or schools, but they can sell the land to private businesses or groups to build hotels, hospitals, or other developments Connection: urban redevelopment, gentrification
69. municipal
local (city) government, or the services provided by the government Example: Garland Application: a mayor and city council make up the core of the municipal government and a local water supply is the municipal water supply Connection: municipality, annexation, incorporation, bedroom communities, consolidation, special districts, unincorporated areas
64. spatial models
look like stylized maps, and illustrate theories about spatial distributions Example: agricultural land use (von Thünen model), industrial location (least cost theory), distribution of cities (central place theory) Application: models are often mathematical formulas based on data, and used to make predictions; when reality varies from a prediction, geographers rethink the model Connection: geographic models, nonspatial models
16. baby bust
lower birth rates that follow a baby boom Example: the US after 1965 Application: shows up as an indentation between two baby booms Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, birth deficit, baby boom, echo
28. homogeneous
made up of ethnically similar people Example: Japan is a homogeneous nation Application: a homogeneous culture tends to unify a nation Connection: region, culture, folk culture
12. Secondary economic activity
manufactures finished goods Example: furniture factory Application: the NICs are moving away from primary into secondary activities; worth more money Connection: primary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
70. mental maps
maps people create in their minds based on their own experience and knowledge Example: the mental map of a Kindergarten student the first day of school may only be a door, a classroom, and a playground; after time in the building, the child will have a much fuller mental map Application: evolve over time (type of perceptual region) Connection: regionalization, perceptual regions
28. spatial association
matching patterns of distribution Example: the distribution of malaria matches the distribution of the mosquito that carries it Application: indicates that two or more phenomena may be related or associated with one another, but not necessarily causal Connection: density, distribution, spatial pattern
24. Gini coefficient (Gini Index)
measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution Example: in 2014, the United States GINI Index was 41 Application: a Gini index of zero represents perfect equality and 100, perfect inequality Connection: inequality, GDP, GNP, GNI
28. Stages of Economic Growth model (modernization model)
model of economic growth developed by Rostow, showing the five stages he believed a country must go through to become developed: (1) traditional society, (2) pre-conditions for take-off, (3) take-off, (4) drive to maturity, (5) age of mass production Example: Stage 1—Mongolia's nomadic herders, Stage 2—the US before the Civil War, Stage 3—Britain during the Industrial Revolution, Stage 4—the US after World War II, Stage 5—the entire Western world and upper and middle classes of most developing nations. Application: Used to determine the stage of economic development for a country Connection: W.W. Rostow, development
22. demographic transition model
model that shows changes in the birth rate and death rate in five stages as a country changes from an agrarian to an industrial society Example: no country is in stage 1, Niger is stage 2, Turkey is stage 3, the US is stage 4, and Japan is stage 5 Application: Stage 1—high births and deaths, low growth; Stage 2—high births, rapidly declining birth rates (nutrition, sanitation, medicine), rapid growth; Stage 3—declining births and deaths (slower), rapid growth but slowing as birth rates decline; Stage 4—low births and deaths; very low growth; Stage 5—more deaths than births, very low decline in population Connection: development, age-sex composition graph, population pyramid Jellybean 23. expansive population pyramid—a pyramid with a high birth rate which produces a wide base and a low life expectancy which leads to a narrowing in the upper years Example: 2016 Niger Application: Younger generations are larger than the older ones, resulting in rapid population growth; typical of a less developed region Connection: age-sex composition graph, population pyramid, Stage 2 DTM
49. remittances
money immigrants send to their family and friends in the country they left Example: US and Saudi Arabia are the leading countries as origins or remittances; India and China are the leading countries as recipients of remittances Application: since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier ones, they send money back to their families in their home countries Connection: push factors, pull factors
33. push factors
negative circumstances, events, or conditions that make people decide to move Example: social push factors (anti-Mormon violence in Illinois and Missouri, the death of Joseph Smith) led to the Mormon migration of 1845-1857 Application: can be economic, social, political, environmental, or demographic Connection: migration, voluntary migration, pull factors
42. backwash effects
negative outcomes of growth poles Example: brain drain, loss of tax revenue, closure of various services Application: these changes can be detrimental to a community Connection: technopoles, growth poles, spin-off benefits
46. ethnic enclaves
neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group or the same culture, but surrounded by people of a culture that is dominant in the region Example: Chinatowns in large US urban areas, Little Italy in New York City Application: reflect the desire of people to remain apart from the larger society or a dominant culture's desire to segregate a minority culture; inside are often stores and religious institutions supported by the ethnic group, signs in the traditional language, and architecture that reflects the group's place of origin; can provide a buffer against discrimination by the dominant culture Connection: chain migration, culture, culture region, cultural landscape
104. mixed-use neighborhoods
neighborhoods with a mix of uses—residential and commercial together as well as single-family and multi-family housing Example: CityLine (Richardson); Savannah (Denton), Watters Creek (Allen) Application: ideally mixed-use allows for people to live, work, and shop without the need of transportation by car Connection: smart growth, new urbanism
3. semi-periphery
newly industrialized countries with median standards of living; countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities, but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor Example: Brazil, China, India Application: The core and peripheral countries are economically interdependent (includes the semi-periphery) Connection: Wallerstein
41. edge city
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities, usually with tall office buildings, a concentration of retail shops, relatively few residences, and are located at the junction of major transportation routes Example: Plano, Richardson Application: arise from population decentralization from large major core cities since the 1960s Connection: peripheral model, edge city model
31. non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
non-profit, citizen-based groups that function independent of government and are organized on community, national and international levels to serve specific social or political purposes and are cooperative rather than commercial Example: the Red Cross, Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund Application: support human rights, advocate for improved health or encourage political participation Connection: development
91. racial segregation
occurs in housing when people live in separate neighborhoods based on their ethnicity or race Example: Baton Rouge, LA; Detroit, MI; Jackson, MS Application: often occurs involuntary, but at times many communities had neighborhoods where African Americans could live and neighborhoods where they could not Connection: blockbusting, ghettos, urban colonies, urban redlining
23. back offices
office spaces for lower level employees outside of the front offices Example: cheaper locations Application: since the back office workers are able to communicate with their customers and the head office through the computer and phone systems they can be located anywhere these technologies are available Connection: front offices, offshoring, outsourcing
10. locational triangle
one way to show Weber's model: the market is at one location and the resources required are obtained at two other locations making up the three points of the triangle Example: transportation costs are a function of cargo weight and distance Application: If the cost savings from either cheaper labor or from agglomeration economies could be greater than the savings from location at the cheapest spot relative to transport costs, Weber recognized that business owners should choose to locate where the cheaper labor or benefits from the agglomeration economies existed Connection: Industrial location theory, Alfred Weber
37. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
patterns of migration and migration tendencies, patterns, and demographics noted by German geographer E.G. Ravenstein in the 1880s Example: the majority of migrants from Mexico go to Texas or another border state Application: (1) most migrants travel only a short distance, (2) migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas, (3) most migration occurs through step migration, (4) most migration in history has been from rural to urban areas, (5) each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction (counter migration), (6) most migrants are young adults between ages 20 and 45, (7) most international migrants are male and more internal migrants are female Connection: gravity model, distance decay, step migration, return migration
54. Survey patterns
patterns used to survey the land on Earth: long lots, metes and bounds, and township-and-range Example: long lot (houses built on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river so each settler had equal river access) Application: used to divide up boundaries of a particular piece of land Connection: metes and bounds, township and range, dispersed village
10. exurbanization
people moving farther out into rural areas Example: people moving to Uptown (Dallas) Application: exurbanites work remotely from home via computer Connection: urbanization, percent urban, suburbanization, reurbanization, satellite city
80. underclass
people who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty Example: people who are impoverished Application: people at the bottom of society have become victims of poverty trap; the class is largely composed of the young unemployed, long-unemployed, chronically-sick, disabled, old, or single-parent families as well as those who are systematically excluded from participation in legitimate economic activities; children of the underclass often lack educational qualifications and social and other skills and are unable to rise out of it Connection: inner cities, culture of poverty
26. immigrants
people who moved into a country Example: a person entering a new country is an immigrant Application: great affects the workforce (opportunities and wages) as well as the population and resource consumption Connection: migration, emigrants
27. emigrants
people who moved out of a country Example: emigration is the practice of emigrating Application: the number of people leaving a country should be less than those entering Connection: migration, immigrants
2. Agrarian
pertaining to the development of agriculture Example: agrarian societies and people are not located near cities, but they are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities Application: primary activity is agriculture and the primary form of wealth is in agriculture Connection: rural, urban
15. Demarcation boundary process
phase in which the boundary is visibly marked on the landscape by a fence, line, sign, wall or other means Example: the Berlin Wall Application: boundary is physically marked on the ground Connection: boundary process
14. Delimitation boundary process
phase in which the exact location of a boundary is drawn on a map Example: France (as determined by centuries of war) Application: cartographers place the boundary on a map Connection: boundary process
42. Latin American Model (Griffin-Ford Model)
places a two-part CBD at the center of the city—a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center; the most desirable housing in the city is located adjacent to the developed center of the center and extends outward from the urban core accompanied by a commercial spine of development Example: Mexico City Application: as the distance increiop'[ ases from the Latin American CBD, the quality of housing decreases; public transportation, the urban water supply, and access to electricity all decrease away from the center, sometimes disappearing altogether Connection: CBD, functional zonation, American urban models
18. Geometric boundary
political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or arc Example: Between U.S. and Canada Application: based on latitude and longitude lines; the most stable boundary Connection: boundary
55. State
politically organized territory administered by a sovereign government with a permanent population and recognized by the international community Example: Canada, France, United States Application: outside of the United States, the term means country Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces, state, nation, separatism, secession, ethno-nationalism
75. unincorporated areas
populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality Example: Sand Branch (Dallas County between the Trinity River and Hickory Creek, southwest of Seagoville) Application: an unincorporated area is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation, but is administrated as part of larger administrative divisions Connection: municipal, municipality, annexation, bedroom communities, urban planning, consolidation, special districts
53. Nation
population bound by a sense of common identity Example: Kurds, Palestinians, Arabs Application: usually involves a common language and a common historical and cultural tradition Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces, state, nation, separatism, secession, ethno-nationalism
39. rate of natural increase
population growth measured by the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect immigration Example: Greece's is -2.2, Japan's is -1.31, France's is 3.78 Application: used to understand how population changes over time Connection: crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate, total fertility rate
34. pull factors
positive conditions and circumstances found at a destination Example: political pull factors led to the migration of anti-communist Cubans to the US after Fidel Castro's communist takeover in 1959 Application: can be economic, social, political, environmental, or demographic Connection: migration, voluntary migration, push factors
41. spin-off benefits
positive outcomes in addition to the main outcome Example: farmers 100 miles away from a pole should have expanded markets in which to sell their produce resulting in increased sales and profits Application: can help communities far beyond the growth pole itself Connection: technopoles, growth poles, backwash effects
92. blockbusting
practice in which people of one ethnic group (usually middle-class whites) would be frightened into selling their homes at low prices when they heard that a family of another group (usually African American or Hispanic) was moving into the neighborhood Example: a real estate broker telling the current residents of an area that once the new minority tenants move in, housing prices will fall and crime will increase; the broker will buy the houses for less than they are worth Application: investors profited by buying houses at low prices and reselling them for more money; real estate agents would profit from a flurry of transactions Connection: racial segregation, ghettos, urban colonies, urban redlining
3. Balkanization
process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities; term comes from the name of the Balkan Peninsula, which was divided into several small nations in the early 20th century Example: The continuing breakup of the former Yugoslavia into five independent countries; Kosovo continues to fight to break away Application: a result of foreign policies creating geopolitical fragmentation Connection: centripetal forces, centrifugal forces
101. leapfrogging
process by which developers purchase land beyond the periphery of the city's built-up area Example: Savannah, created in 2004, a master planned community was created on the outskirts of Denton (Aubrey)—rural area now built-up with more housing developments Application: neighborhoods built there may be farther from the central business district in actual distance, but the presence of highways makes them relatively close in time; encourages sprawl Connection: rush hour, urban sprawl
9. Animal and plant domestication
process by which wild plants or animals become adapted to humans and the environment they provide Example: a farm raising pigs Application: deliberate tending of crops began around 12,000 years ago Connection: farming, subsistence, shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism
83. urban redevelopment
process involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up Example: Arlington's redevelopment when AT&T Stadium was being built Application: usually begins when a local government declares that an area it wishes to develop is "blighted" Connection: eminent domain, gentrification
4. Agricultural industrialization
process whereby the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to become one part of an integrated string of vertically organized industrial processes including production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing and retailing Example: Smithfield foods is involved in the breeding, production, slaughter, processing, and marketing of hogs and pork products. Application: Dominant companies dictate how foods are produced, leaving farmers with little choice over how to grow crops or raise animals. They also have a strong presence in governmental agencies where they can influence policies in their favor over independent farmers. Connection: vertical integration, production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing and retailing
20. anti-natalist policies
programs to decrease the number of births Example: China's One Child Policy (1979-2016) birth rates declined during this time period, but researchers disagree on how much was from the policy and how much from other factors (education of women) Application: governments use disincentives like fines if people violate the policy Connection: overpopulation, carrying capacity, pro-natalist policies
21. pro-natalist policies
programs to increase the fertility rate Example: France, Sweden, Japan Application: countries have provided paid time off from jobs held by mothers, free child care, and family discounts on government services Connection: anti-natalist policies
59. Mercator map projection
projection created in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator with an equally spaced grid of longitude and latitude with parallel and straight lines Example: scale is distorted with areas farther from the Equator disproportionately large (Greenland appears larger than South America when Greenland is actually smaller than the Arabian Peninsula) Application: used for navigation because any straight line is a line of constant true bearing enabling a straight-line course Connection: map projection, Peters projection, conic projection, Robinson projection
35. asylum
protection given to political migrants who were pushed out of their country by persecution, arrest, and discrimination Example: Syrian immigrants to Germany were granted asylum because Germany needed workers Application: a refugee has to prove that their lives would be in danger if they return to their home country Connection: refugee, push factors, pull factors, migration
86. scattered site
public housing dispersed throughout areas of the city allowing children access to better schools and amenities available in wealthier neighborhoods Example: Seattle Housing Authority owns and manages several hundred scattered site properties Application: faces opposition from the NIMBY (not in my backyard) response as people fear adding public housing near them will reduce property values and create problems for local schools Connection: public housing, ghettos
80. contagious diffusion
rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation Example: the spread of the Hindu religion spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent Application: an idea spreads rapidly Connection: the idea spreads without someone relocating
98. urban wildlife
rats, raccoons, and pigeons that can thrive in cities, but they can spread diseases and be a nuisance to people Example: rats enter abandoned buildings Application: additionally, feral (wild) populations of cats, dogs, snakes, and other former pets that have escaped their human owners or been abandoned that can be dangerous Connection: environmental issues
34. carrier efficiency
refers to the positive or negative aspects of each type of transportation Example: the most efficient way to get flowers from the Caribbean to New York City is by air Application: air is the quickest form but the most expensive way of shipping but by ship is the cheapest way and can carry the most over a long distance Connection: Infrastructure, Industrialization
19. dialect
regional variations of a language Example: British English, American English, Australian English Application: often the dialect spoken by the most influential group in a country is considered the standard, and others are modifications of it; variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling are large enough that most speakers notice them, but small enough that speakers can understand each other easily Connection: language family, language branch, language group
26. Conference of Berlin (1884)
regulated trade and colonization in Africa by the major powers of Europe at the time (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy Example: Belgium's colonization of what became the Democratic Republic of Congo Application: formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies Connection: New Imperialism, Colonialism
62. zoning ordinances
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used Example: residential, commercial, industrial (newer: mixed-use and other sub-categories) Application: there are three general zoning categories—residential (where people live); commercial (where people sell goods and services); and industrial (where people make things) Connection: residential zones, residential density gradient
48. Renewable/nonrenewable
renewable resources can be replaced without a long wait time; nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced Example: renewable (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal)/nonrenewable (coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas) Application: the available supply of nonrenewable resources may be replenished through recycling but the overall supply remains relatively constant Connection: conservation, sustainable, depletion
63. geographic models
representations of reality or theories about reality Example: von Thünen model Application: to help geographers see general spatial patterns, focus on the influence of specific factors, and understand variations from place to place Connection: spatial models, nonspatial models
41. Global commons
resource areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation state Example: 4 named by international law—the High Seas, the Atmosphere, Antarctica, and Outer Space Application: advancements in science and technology have made access to the global commons easier making policies to regulate their use Connection: environment, global warming, environmental degradation, pollution
21. adage
sayings that attempt to express a truth about life Example: "the early bird gets the worm" Application: adages are often in metaphoric form (metaphors) Connection: dialect, region
15. linguist
scientists who study languages Example: subfields of linguistics—applied linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics Application: linguists examine the structures of languages and the principles that underlie those structures; they study human speech as well as written documents Connection: globalization, colonialism, imperialism, diffusion
13. Tertiary economic activity
service industries Example: working in a store Application: highest percentages are in more developed countries although there are tertiary activities in all countries Connection: primary, secondary, quaternary, quinary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
1. Industrial Revolution
set of changes in technology that dramatically increased manufacturing productivity in the mid-1700s in England Example: the steam engine Application: reshaped how people worked and behaved, where they lived, and how they related to each other spatially; improvements in farm machinery and farming techniques along with the enclosure movement, increased agricultural productivity; machine power replaced human and animal power—many people in rural areas were no longer needed for their labor Connection: Second Agricultural Revolution, industrialization, rural-to-urban migration, demographic transition model
48. road maps
show and label highways, streets, and alleys Example: highway map of Texas Application: before the use of GPS devices and smartphones, the only way to navigate from one destination to another Connection: reference maps, political maps, physical maps, plat maps, locator maps
46. political maps
show and label human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities, and capitals Example: map of France Application: shows countries, states, major cities, and usually significant bodies of water Connection: reference maps, physical maps, road maps, plat maps, locator maps
47. physical maps
show and label natural features such as mountains, rivers, and deserts Example: Physical map of the United States Application: often have the same data as a political map, but primary purpose is to show physical features Connection: reference maps, political maps, road maps, plat maps, locator maps
49. plat maps
show and label property lines and details of land ownership Example: the map of a residential subdivision (neighborhood map) Application: shows how a tract of land is divided into lots; shows the land's size, boundary locations, nearby streets, flood zones, any easements or rights of way, and monuments Connection: reference maps, political maps, physical maps, road maps, locator maps
51. thematic map
show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon Example: climate map Application: the variable (one set of data) is shown either as dots, lines drawn between like amounts, color/shading, and varying the size of a symbol Connection: reference map, choropleth map, dot distribution map, graduated symbol map, isoline map
53. dot distribution maps
show the specific location and distribution of something across the territory of the map Example: most population density maps Application: each dot represents a number of items; the more dots in an area, the greater the density (any kind of symbol can be used to show the data) Connection: reference map, thematic map, choropleth map, graduated symbol map, isoline map
36. brownfields
sites of abandoned factories Example: Rust Belt Application: if the factory building remains structurally solid, an entrepreneur might renovate it for a new use and keep enough of its exterior so people know the building's history; if the factories have been torn down and the land cleared of debris and pollution, the land might be converted to new uses Connection: postindustrial, Rust Belt, deindustrialization
43. ethnic island
small, rural areas settled by a single ethnic group as opposed to ethnic neighborhoods or enclaves, which are urban; these people leave their imprint in rural areas through housing, barn style, and farmstead layouts Example: German ethnic islands in the Americas—the Pennsylvania Dutch and the Amish (US) and Mennonites in Alberta (Canada) Application: tend to be in rural areas who have less interaction with other groups than do groups in cities, they maintain a strong and long-lasting sense of cohesion Connection: migration, diffusion, ethnic enclave
49. Rural settlement
sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities Example: town, village, hamlet, farm Application: includes populated areas whose population is engaged primarily in agriculture, forestry, or hunting as well as those who are involved in other types of occupations (industrial, transport, construction) if the settlements have small populations and are in rural areas Connection: agricultural, nonagricultural, mixed
43. Mediterranean agriculture
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails Example: grapes, olives, figs, citrus fruits, dates Application: farming is intensive and highly specialized Connection: commercial farming
79. hierarchical diffusion
spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society) Example: the cell phone first was only available to the wealthy Application: spreads from the top of society downward to the lower classes (Rap was an example of reverse hierarchical diffusion, starting in the lower classes and rising to the upper classes) Connection: Expansion diffusion, Relocation diffusion, Contagious diffusion, Stimulus diffusion, culture
81. stimulus diffusion
spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse Example: the diffusion of iced tea throughout the southern United States was modified by southerners into "Sweet Tea." The general idea of iced tea diffused but was altered by the adopters to fit their desire for sugar. Application: a part of an idea is spreading but is slightly changed to fit the new culture; the competition between Apple and PC Connection: Expansion diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion
22. gravity model
states that places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other Example: Dallas has more interaction with Houston than with New Orleans Application: can be used to predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, mail, migrants, and nearly any other flow between cities; it holds that there are greater flows to bigger cities and greater flows between nearby cities; cities like Las Vegas and Orlando are tourist destinations that attract more visitors than their size and distance from other cities could predict; religious sites, government centers, and cultural destinations distort effects predicted by the gravity model Connection: urban system
96. urban canyons
streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind Example: Lower Manhattan in New York City Application: these tall buildings also prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground Connection: urban heat island
70. Territorial morphology
study of states' shapes and their effects Example: Lesotho as the perforation of South Africa—very poor, HIV pandemic, isolated Application: a state's geographical shape can affect its spatial cohesion and political viability; can be problematic or unifying Connection: compact state, prorupted state, perforated state, fragmented state, elongated state
27. market area
surrounds each central place for which it provides goods and services and from which it draws population Example: the market area of DFW covers several counties surrounding Dallas and Fort Worth Application: all of the places served by a central place; the size of the central place determines the services offered there Connection: central place theory, central place, threshold, range, urban system, hexagonal hinterlands
76. Global Positioning System (GPS)
system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth, which includes several satellites in predetermined orbits and tracking stations to code the precise location of objects and reach a certain point Example: find my iphone Application: Maps that track the person with the object Connection: fieldwork, remote sensing, GIS, quantitative data, qualitative data
19. Buffer state
territorial cushion that keeps rivals apart Example: Mongolia (between China and Russia) or the DMZ between North and South Korea Application: the buffer state is thought to prevent conflict between the two rival/hostile states Connection: cushion
47. favelas
the Brazilian equivalent of a shantytown which are generally found on the edge of a city Example: Caramujo, Rochina, Vidigal Application: typically comes into being when squatters occupy vacant land at the edge of a city and construct shanties of salvaged or stolen materials Connection: squatter settlement, slum, barrio
6. Heartland Theory
the Heartland is the part of a region considered essential to the viability and survival of the whole, esp. a central land area relatively invulnerable to attack and capable of economic and political self-sufficiency; any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world; further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east Example: Nazis during WWII Application: theories explaining world dominance in the 20th century; Control of Eastern Europe would allow control of the Heartland (supported the concept of world dominance) Connection: MacKinder, Spykman, Rimland Theory, World Island
42. Heartland/Rimland
the Heartland is the part of a region considered essential to the viability and survival of the whole, esp. a central land area relatively invulnerable to attack and capable of economic and political self-sufficiency; the Rimland is the land, often islands and coastal plains around the edge of an area; the area outside the zone of political power Example: Heartland—Nazis during WWII and the Soviet Union during the Cold War; Rimland during the Cold War Application: theories explaining world dominance in the 20th century Connection: MacKinder, Heartland Theory Spykman, Rimland Theory
33. sharia
the Islamic legal framework for a country Example: the Five Pillars Application: strongest in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) Connection: religion
7. Rimland Theory
the Rimland is the land, often islands and coastal plains around the edge of an area; the area outside the zone of political power; (countering the Mackinder's Heartland Theory) that claimed that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia (the rimland) would provide the base for world conquest (not the heartland) Example: the Soviet Union during the Cold War Application: explains world domination from the rim rather than from the heartland Connection: MacKinder, Heartland Theory, Spykman
72. fieldwork
the act of collecting data by observing and recording it on location Example: checking the availability of Fair Trade coffee, chocolate, and tea in various local grocery stores Application: important sources include population census, interviews, informal observations, land surveys, photographs, sketches Connection: GPS, Remote sensing, GIS, quantitative data, qualitative data
71. incorporation
the act of legally joining together to form a new city Example: Murphy (outside of Plano), Highland Park Application: usually a reaction to an annexation attempt by a larger city Connection: municipal, municipality, annexation, bedroom communities, consolidation, special districts, unincorporated areas
28. Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status Example: the independence of American/European/Asian colonies Application: most decolonization occurred after World War II Connection: independence, neo-colonialism, imperialism
34. Fishing
the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water Example: deep sea, salt water, fresh water, catch and release Application: humans catch and consume billions of fish and marine animals annually Connection: aquaculture, hydroponics, deep sea agriculture, overfishing
10. acculturation
the adoption of values and practices of a larger group by an ethnic or immigrant group, while still maintaining major elements of their own culture Example: a family that immigrated from Denmark in the 1880s, today using common US names for their children instead of traditional Danish names Application: often the third or fourth generation of an ethnic group display a resurgence in ethnic pride by organizing festivals, learning the ethnic language, and revitalizing ethnic neighborhoods Connection: assimilation, multiculturalism, nativism
43. geographic scale (relative scale)
the amount of territory the map represents Example: global scale (the entire world), local scale (a neighborhood); a rise in unemployment might be shaped by global forces at a global scale or by local forces at a local scale Application: geographers often zoom in and out of maps that use different scales to see the patterns that exist at each scale; the reasons patterns exist can often be explained differently depending on the scale of analysis Connection: scale, cartographic scale, scale of data
5. culture hearth
the area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops Example: Classical Greece for democracy; New York City for rap music in the 1970s Application: the seven original cultural hearth are located in Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, Wei-Wang Valley, Ganges Valley, Mesoamerica, West Africa, Andean America; later hearths developed that were influential but built on cultures previously developed Connection: culture, culture traits, cultural complex
36. Forestry
the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources Example: In Germany, forests cover nearly one-third of the land area, wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than a million jobs Application: forests provide timber, grazing land for animals, wildlife habitat, water resources, and recreation areas Connection: primary economic industry, sustainable management
24. Colonialism
the attempt by a country to establish settlements and impose political and economic control and principles Example: Spain's colonization of the Americas during the 15th century Application: often associated with the European movement beginning in the 16th century, which created unequal cultural and economic relations Connection: mercantilism, resources, imperialism
67. Sovereignty
the authority to govern a state or a state that is self-governing Example: the power of a king to rule his people Application: closely related to the concepts of state and government and of independence and democracy; was originally meant to be the equivalent of supreme power Connection: autonomy, independence, self-government, self-determination
36. total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years (ages 15-49) Example: In the US, 1.87 children per woman; replacement rate is 2.1 (2 kids replace 2 parents) Application: Compared to the CBR, the TFR more accurately reflects cultural norms, such as how people weigh the costs and benefits of having a child and how people perceive the role of women in society Connection: crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate
35. monotheistic
the belief in one god Example: Judaism, Christianity, Islam Application: the history of monotheism is the history of individual cultures adapting their beliefs in a changing world, often from polytheism to henotheism (choosing one of many gods) to monotheism Connection: religion, polytheism
31. environmental determinism
the belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development Example: any climatic or geographic hindrance to humans, like deserts or mountains Application: an approach made by Humboldt and Ritter, 19th century geographers, which concentrated on how the physical environment caused social development, applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions Connection: human-environment interaction, cultural ecology, possibilism
46. animism
the belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, have a spirit Example: practiced by native people of Africa and North America before colonization Application: Europeans forced many of their colonial subjects to adopt the Christian faith of their colonizers—the Spanish and French spread Roman Catholicism throughout Latin America, North America, and Quebec; the English, Belgians, ad Dutch spread forms of Protestantism in their colonies Connection: colonialism, imperialism, Christianity, Roman Catholic, Protestant, native groups
20. isogloss
the boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage Example: the area where the word for a carbonated drink changes from "soda" to "pop" or "coke" Application: an isogloss can be phonological (pronunciation of a vowel), lexical (the use of a word), or some other aspect of language; major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses Connection: dialect, region
16. site
the characteristics at the immediate location Example: the site factors of New York City include proximity to a natural harbor, fresh water in the Hudson River, raw materials for building supplies, the Appalachian and Catskill Mountains provided a barrier to movement inland Application: soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures Connection: place, region, situation, sense of place
12. multiculturalism
the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study Example: refugees fleeing the Syrian Civil War in 2011 who hoped to settle in the US often faced opposition from Americans who feared some refugees would be terrorists Application: a major idea is that the interaction of cultures enriches the lives of all; can bring conflicts as people with different values, beliefs, and customs Connection: acculturation, assimilation, nativism
34. central business district (CBD)
the commercial heart of a city which is often located near the physical center of a city, or the crossroads where the city was founded and is the focus of transportation and services Example: downtown Dallas Application: competition for limited space of the CBD gives it certain characteristics (1) in some countries (US and Canada) the CBD has skyscrapers and "underground cities" that might include facilities for parking, shopping, and rapid transit; (2) In Europe, many CBDs are located in the historic heart of the city where buildings are lower but services are still concentrated; (3) because the cost of land is high in CBDs, manufacturing activities are rarely present; (4) residential portions of CBDs are usually high-density housing (high-rise apartment buildings) costs are too high and space too limited for low-density housing Connection: functional zonation, Burgess Model
99. rush hour
the commuting periods in early morning and in late afternoon or early evening when many people travel to and from work Example: In the Dallas area, the morning rush hour is around 8:00 am and the evening rush hour between 5:30 and 6:00 pm Application: contributes to air pollution by so many cars idling on the road at one time Connection: urban sprawl, leapfrogging
.40. growth poles (growth centers)
the concentration of high-value economic development in a technopole attracts even more economic development Example: Silicon Valley, the Research Triangle, universities, medical centers, Richardson Telecom Corridor Application: the cumulative causation effect means it tends to feed upon itself—each time new businesses are attracted to the growth pole the "magnet" becomes even stronger and attracts still more businesses Connection: technopoles, spin-off benefits, backwash effects
89. homelessness
the condition of not having a permanent place to live; the extreme end of housing problems; problem has grown to include more women and children in the late 20th century Example: former veterans who are unable to keep a job and afford a home Application: the federal government defines someone as homeless if they do not have a permanent home (like family living with other family because they are unable to afford their own home Connection: urban redevelopment, gentrification
29. human-environment interaction
the connection and exchange between humans and the natural world Example: interaction includes three concepts (dependency, adaptation, and modification) Application: geographers who focus on how humans influence the physical world often specialize in studying sustainability, pollution, environmental issues Connection: cultural ecology, environmental determinism, possibilism
25. spatial interaction
the contact, movement, and flow of things between locations Example: physical (roads) or information (radios or Internet service) Application: places with more connections will have increased spatial interaction; improvements in transportation, communication, and infrastructure have reduced the friction of distance between places as they have increased the spatial interaction Connection: Time-space compression, distance decay, friction of distance
44. sequent occupance
the creation of new cultural imprints on the landscape by migrants in ethnic neighborhoods settling in a previous migrants' place as a repeating process Example: Harlem in New York City (Dutch settlers then Jews followed by African Americans then Puerto Ricans) Application: Harlem's cultural landscape includes former Jewish synagogues, public spaces named for African American leaders (Marcus Garvey Park) and street names honoring Puerto Rican leaders (Luis Muñoz Marin Boulevard) Connection: ethnic enclave, ethnic island, migration
10. Aquaculture
the cultivation of aquatic organisms (fish or shellfish) especially for food Example: a salmon farm in which salmon are raised and harvested in a controlled environment Application: most of the food fish for sale today were grown in fish farms Connection: domesticated animals
36. spatial data
the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth Example: a road map (contains points, lines, and polygons that can represent cities, roads, and political boundaries) Application: usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped Connection: landscape analysis, built environment, field observation, spatial data, aerial photography, cultural landscape
21. proximity
the degree of nearness of two things Example: Dallas and Fort Worth are about 30 miles apart Application: the distance between two places determines their interaction Connection: distance, time-space compression
8. Agriculture
the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain Example: growing food for self of sale Application: types of agriculture are divided into commercial (for sale; MDCs) and subsistence (for use of farmer; in LDCs) Connection: commercial farming, mixed crop and livestock, dairy, grain, livestock ranching, Mediterranean, commercial gardening, plantation, subsistence farming, shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence wet rice dominant, intensive subsistence wet rice non-dominant, pastoral nomadism
10. relative location
the description of where something is in relation to other things Example: Salt Lake City, UT can be described as south of the Great Salt Lake and just west of the Rocky Mountains, on Interstate 15 about halfway between Las Vegas, NV and Butte, MT Application: can change over time and as accessibility changes Connection: absolute location, latitude, longitude, equator, prime meridian, International Date Line
25. gender gap
the discrepancy in opportunities, status, attitudes, etc., between men and women Example: men being paid more than women for the same job Application: in the US, the gender pay gap is women earning between 78-82% of the average man's annual salary Connection: equal rights, population pyramid
7. longitude
the distance east or west of the prime meridian Example: prime meridian Application: longitude lines run north and south Connection: absolute location, relative location, latitude, equator, prime meridian, International Date Line
5. latitude
the distance north and south of the equator Example: Tropic of Cancer Application: latitude lines run east and west Connection: absolute location, relative location, longitude, equator, prime meridian, International Date Line
24. epidemiological transition model
the distinctive cause of death in each state of the demographic transition: Stage 1 is the Age of Pestilence and Famine when mortality is high and fluctuating. Stage 2 is the Age of Receding Pandemics when mortality declines and population grows. Stage 3 is The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases. Stage 4 is the Stage of Delayed Degenerative Diseases. Stage 5 is the Resurgence of Epidemic diseases caused by antibiotic resistant strains and new diseases. Example: Stage 1—the Black Plague, Stage 2—John Snow and the London Cholera epidemic, Stage 3—decline in infectious diseases due to widespread use of vaccines, Stage 4—same causes of death as stage 3 but delayed death due to medical advances, Stage 5—Avian Bird Flu Application: disease control programs may be a prerequisite of fertility transition and an effective instrument of socio economic development Connection: development, overpopulation, fertility, fertility rate, demographic transition model (DTM)
71. subregions
the division of regions into smaller areas Example: Brazil is a subregion of Latin America (Portuguese-speaking rather than Spanish-speaking as the remainder of Latin America) Application: shares some characteristics with the rest of the larger region but distinctive in some ways Connection: regionalization, regions
32. microcredit (microfinance)
the extension of very small loans (most under $100) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history Example: Grameen Bank Application: most loans are made to women who are able to supplement their family's income with a small business operated at home Connection: development, gender gap
42. charter group
the first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space Example: Native Americans were the original charter group in the Americas Application: often charter groups show their heritage (English settlements in colonial America resembled the settlements they migrated away from in England) Connection: migration, diffusion
59. McGee Model
the focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone; this export-oriented zone shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities; usually surrounded by a belt of market gardening to supply the city Example: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia Application: Southeast Asian cities have a history of Chinese immigration and commercial interest that dates back a few centuries which has resulted in a secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses; industrial parks and regions of manufacturing have emerged on the peripheries of some cities Connection: functional zonation, Southeast Asian City Model
26. Desertification
the gradual transformation of arable land into desert Example: areas most in danger: northeastern Brazil, southwestern Argentina, the southern Sahel (Africa south of the Sahara), Zambia and Zimbabwe, Sub-Himalayan India, and northeastern China Application: agriculture, animal husbandry, and groundwater pumping/depletion are significant contributors to the process Connection: environmental modification, shifting cultivation
18. potential workforce
the group of people ages 15-64 who are expected to be the society's labor force Example: in the US, the potential workforce is 65.9% of the population; in Niger the number is 48.1% Application: dividing the potential workforce by the dependent population results in the dependency ratio; the people who depend of others Connection: dependent population, dependency ratio, population pyramid, age-sex composition graph
19. dependent population
the group of people under 15 or over 64 who are considered either too young or too old to work full-time Example: in the US, the dependent population is 34.1%, in Niger, 51.9 Application: dividing the potential workforce by the dependent population results in the dependency ratio; the people who depend of others Connection: potential workforce, dependency ratio, population pyramid, age-sex composition graph
3. cultural complex
the group of traits that define a particular culture Example: an automobile (independence, wealth, luxury) Application: a single cultural artifact may represent many different values Connection: culture, culture trait, taboo
4. social stratification
the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, ethnicity, or religion Example: the caste system of India Application: the result of the factors that influence a city's population (elevation, proximity to desirable lad uses, and land use laws) Connection: population, socioeconomic factors
15. Quinary economic activity
the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy Example: the CEO of a company Application: subset of tertiary economic activities; not used in CIA World Factbook Connection: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, HDI
38. cultural landscape
the human imprint on the natural environment Example: the Great Pyramids of Giza Application: Elements within the landscape help define the culture: architecture, religion, language, etc. Connection: landscape analysis, field observation, spatial data, aerial photography, built environment
34. built environment
the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity Example: buildings, parks Application: the human-made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a daily basis Connection: landscape analysis, field observation, spatial data, aerial photography, built environment, cultural landscape
65. Self-determinism
the idea that all people can have independence and make up their own government Example: idea 1st embodied in the American Declaration of Independence Application: entails duality (personal right to align with a people, and the people's right to determine their politics) and mutuality (the right is as much the other's as the self's) Connection: nationalism, imperialism, new imperialism, devolution, decolonization
37. karma
the idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future life Example: "what goes around comes around" Application: key belief in Hinduism and Buddhism, but can be found in most religions; includes thoughts and words as well as deeds Connection: Hinduism, Buddhism
33. functional zonation
the idea that portions of an urban area (regions or zones within a city) have specific and distinct purposes Own words: Example: industrial zone, residential zone, recreational zone Application: one principle underlying all urban models; the various zones fit together like a puzzle to create the entirety of the city; but unlike a puzzle, the pieces are not clearly delineated and geographers have tried to identify and classify them with models; the models creates are merely a framework to describe, understand, and analyze cities Connection: CBD, Burgess Model
29. ethnicity
the identification of a person with a particular racial, cultural, or religious group (cultural identity) Example: Asian, Hispanic Application: someone may consider themselves "American"(nationality) but have a German (ethnicity) background Connection: nationality
95. shadow economy
the informal economy in more developed countries; about 10% of the US economy Example: some food carts and street markets; illegal activities include drug dealing, smuggling Application: local governments are concerned with the lost tax revenue and because these enterprises are not regulated for the safety of either workers or consumers as well as undercut businesses that operate openly and follow regulations Connection: informal economy
24. distance-decay
the inverse relationship between distance and connection Example: the weakening of a radio signal as it travels across space away from a radio tower (friction of distance causes the decay) Application: Dallas and Fort Worth have more connections than Dallas and New York City; this is why if there is a choice of McDonald's locations, you usually choose the one closest to your location. Connection: friction of distance, spatial interaction, time-space compression
5. Agricultural landscape
the land that is farmed and what is chosen to put in the fields Example: 19th century coffee plantations in Cuba; Stari Grad Plain in Croatia where grapes and olives have been harvested since ancient Greek times Application: affects how much yield one gets from their plants Connection: cultural landscape
17. situation
the location of a place relative to other places Example: the situation of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is about the center of the Arabian Peninsula; the situation of the Arabian Peninsula is between the continents of Africa and Asia Application: factors include accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials Connection: place, region, site, sense of place
22. front offices
the main offices for the top executives of a corporation that allows the corporation to have a high profile location in the upper floors of a large building in the downtown of a city Example: front offices are very expensive so businesses do not want to occupy more space than necessary Application: location allows the executives to easily interact with executives from other nearby business institutions Connection: back offices, offshoring, outsourcing
18. Cultivation regions
the major agricultural practices of the world, which are divided into subsistence and commercial regions Example: subsistence regions include shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, intensive subsistence wet rice dominant, intensive subsistence crops other than rice dominant; commercial regions include mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, Mediterranean, commercial gardening, and plantation Application: climate and physical features affect what can be grown or raised in a particular place Connection: crop regions
28. Farm crisis
the mass production of farm products that lowers the prices which lowers the profits for farmers; led to the decease of small farms Example: in the 1980s, at least a third of Nebraska farmers were in danger of losing their farms Application: during the late 1970s, farmers increased production (too much), inflation was out of control throughout the US economy, land prices rose too high then collapsed, export markets stopped growing, Reagan's presidency did little to help farmers (1981 farm bill limited spending) Connection: surplus, inflation
52. Staple grains
the most produced gains worldwide Example: maize (corn), wheat, and rice Application: staple grains are eaten regularly (daily) as cereals or breads Connection: dietary energy consumption, malnutrition
68. suburbanization of business
the movement of commerce (business) out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter; as a result, many cities have faced declines in job opportunities, consumer choices, and services Example: Atlanta, GA Application: flexible female workers, corporate headquarters, well-educated professionals, and highway access are important determinants of suburbanization of business and professional services Connection: invasion and succession, gated communities, filtering, big-box retail
9. reurbanization
the moving of people from the suburbs to live in the city Example: gentrified areas of the city (Bishop Arts in Dallas) Application: usually a government's initiative to counter the problem of inner city decline (gentrification) Connection: urbanization, percent urban, suburbanization, exurbanization, satellite city, gentrification
19. toponym
the name given to a place on earth Example: Miami Beach (located on a beach), Salt Lake City (named for a lake with unusually salty water), Iowa (an Native American tribe), Pikes Peak (the explorer Zebulon Pike) Application: can provide insights into the physical geography, the history, or the culture of the location Connection: sense of place
77. Treaty ports
the name given to the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade by the unequal treaties with the Western powers Example: Shanghai and Guangzhou (Canton) in China Application: Eventually an independent legal, judicial, police, and taxation system developed in each of the ports although the cities were still considered a part of the country in which they were located Connection: imperialism, globalization
35. crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people Example: In the US, 8.2 deaths per 1,000 population Application: the crude death rate (CDR) is not used to determine development; the CDR can be high in a country with a large elderly population Connection: life expectancy, healthcare, development
34. crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people Example: In the US, 12.5 births per 1,000 population Application: A high crude birth rate (CBR) could be due to a high infant mortality rate (IMR) or low life expectancy or it can lead to overpopulation; countries with a low crude birth rate have women making their own decisions about childbirth; a high CBR is a developing or less developed country and a low CBR is a developed country or MDC Connection: crude death rate, fertility rate, infant mortality rate
40. dependency ratio
the number of people who don't work (under 15 and over 65) compared to the number of people who work supporting them (between 15 and 65) Example: In the US, 50.9% Application: a high percentage is found in a struggling economy lacking enough workers to support those who are not working (retired or too young) Connection: life expectancy, crude birth rate, crude death rate, dependency theory
26. density
the number of something in a specifically defined area Example: the Netherlands has a higher density of people than China Application: can be described in numbers or in psychological terms Connection: distribution, spatial association
37. life expectancy
the number of years the average person will live Example: a 100 years ago, the global life expectancy was about 34 years at birth; today it is nearly 70; in most of Europe, life expectancy at birth is more than 80 years, in less-developed areas (sub-Saharan African countries) life expectancy is less than 50 Application: the rise in life expectancy contributes to the growth of world population Connection: crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate
38. Growing season
the part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow Example: wheat and many other plants require an average temperature of at least 40 degrees F to germinate Application: the length of the growing season varies from place to place Connection: frost-free season
. population distribution
the pattern of human settlement across the earth Example: in the US, more of the population is distributed in the east than in the west; in Egypt, the majority of the people live along the Nile River Application: representing the pattern on a map highlights places that are crowded, or sparsely settled, or empty Connection: population, population density
31. migration
the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another Example: someone moves from Tunisia to France Application: most people migrate in search of a better life Connection: voluntary migration, push factors, pull factors
1. ecumene
the permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface Example: North Texas Application: the part of the world that people have set up permanent residence in and use for agricultural and economic purposes; relatively small compared to the earth's land area; the ecumene is divided into three areas—urban areas, suburbs, rural areas Connection: urban, suburban, rural, settlement
13. Definition boundary process
the phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated Example: if the median line of a river is used; water level can vary and change where the middle is Application: focus is on the legal language defining the boundary Connection: boundary process
32. break-of-bulk point
the point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs Example: the DFW inland port allows for the transfer of cargo containers from train to truck and vice versa Application: before containerization, the place where larger cargo was broken up into smaller units to be moved further and distributed over a larger space Connection: entrepôt, trade, cargo, container
20. Capital
the political nerve center of a country and seat of government Example: London or Washington, DC Application: the primacy of the capital is a manifestation of the European state model which has diffused worldwide Connection: city, seat of government, iconography
30. Domino theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then the neighboring nations will also come under Communist control Example: the communist takeover of three Southeast Asian countries in 1975 (South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Application: A resulting policy out of the Truman Doctrine that promoted containment of communism, and was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to justify American intervention around the world; the effect suggests that some change (even if small) will cause a similar change nearby, then another Connection: Cold War, communism
8. carrying capacity
the population that can be supported without significant environmental deterioration Example: for the world believed to be around 9 billion Application: an area of good soil, climate, and other resources could support many people Connection: population, population density, physiological density, agricultural density, arable land
94. informal economy
the portion of the economy that is not taxed, regulated, or managed by the government Example: domestic workers Application: in slums and squatter settlements of cities in LDCs, the informal economy is important, effective, and vibrant; some economists estimate that nearly 50% of the people in Latin America work in the informal economy Connection: squatter settlement, slums, barrios, favelas
4. absolute location
the position of a place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. (Also known as Mathematical Location) Example: the absolute location of the U.S. Capitol is located at 38.5335 N, 77.0032 W Application: shows the exact point of any place on earth Connection: relative location, longitude, latitude, the equator, prime meridian, International Date Line
6. multiplier effect
the potential for a job to produce additional jobs; can also do the reverse (a new store opening can cause other stores to close or lay off employees: when WalMart opens in a small town the local businesses tend to suffer) Example: a tire manufacturer expanded a plant and created 100 new jobs in the community Application: with new jobs comes additional money to be spent in the community allowing other businesses to prosper and even hire new staff Connection: secondary sector, deindustrialization, automation, growth pole
40. Intertillage
the practice of planting taller, stronger crops to shelter lower, more fragile ones from tropical downpours Example: corn (tall crop) and potatoes (lower crop) Application: mimics the natural structure of the rainforest Connection: intensive agriculture
34. neolocalism
the practice of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place Example: a neighborhood in a large city might hold a festival to honor the religion, cuisine, and history of the migrants who settled the community Application: a renewed interest in preserving and promoting the identity of a community and restoring aspects that make it culturally unique Connection: ethnic enclave
17. Crop rotation
the practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil Example: Rotating between corn (nitrogen using) and soybeans (nitrogen depositing) can help maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in the soil Application: helps maintain nutrients in the soil, reduces soil erosion, prevents plant diseases and pests Connection: sustainability, four-field rotation (British Agricultural Revolution), swidden, shifting cultivation
82. urban redlining
the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas Example: still occurring in Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Antonio Application: the term originated as banks sometimes identified these no-loan areas by red lines on maps; reinforces the downward spiral of struggling neighborhoods; laws now restrict redlining so it is not based on racial discrimination Connection: filtering, white flight, racial segregation
65. invasion and succession
the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering Example: Harlem, New York City Application: most noticeable when a neighborhood that is an ethnic enclave changes from one group to another Connection: gated communities, filtering, gated communities, big-box retail, suburbanization of business
66. regionalization
the process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areal units Example: Sub-Saharan Africa, the subscription area for the Dallas Morning News Application: areas of land are categorized according to common characteristics for analysis Connection: formal regions, functional regions, perceptual regions
105. urban infill
the process of building up underused lands within a city Example: In the Dallas area—Oak Cliff, the Trinity River Corridor, Deep Ellum, Ross Avenue, the Design District Application: cities have areas of vacant land or undeveloped land of varying sizes (remnants of previous industrial activity, old airports, closed military bases, closed hospitals, zones with difficult terrain, remnants of orchards or farms surrounded by later development); an alternative to urban sprawl Connection: leapfrogging, urban sprawl, mixed-use neighborhoods
59. Reapportionment
the process of deciding how many seats a state will have in the US House of Representatives when its population changes Example: the number of seats in the House is 435; this number is equally proportioned among the US population to determine how many people should be represented by each representative Application: state legislatures reapportion state legislative districts Connection: gerrymandering, elections, redistricting
6. urbanization
the process of developing towns and cities Example: the 300 people moving to the metroplex everyday Application: an ongoing process that does not end once a city is formed; also involves the causes of and effects on existing cities that are growing ever larger Connection: percent urban, suburbanization, reurbanization, exurbanization
41. development
the process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential bringing resources into full productive use Example: After WWII, Japan became a manufacturing giant, now Japan is a financial center (progress through development) Application: shows economic, social, and political stability Connection: human development index, 3rd world, MDC (more developed country), LDC (less developed country), core, periphery, semi-periphery
8. deglomeration
the process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition Example: during the 1980s, a number of major companies moved out of New York City; today it could be the breaking up of our shopping malls (Collin Creek) Application: occurs when advantages of agglomeration are outweighed by its disadvantages—high land costs and rents, constricted sites, congestion, and pollution Connection: agglomeration
82. globalization
the process of intensified interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe; integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale Example: the availability of U.S. television shows around the world Application: has brought people and systems closer while putting a strain on sovereignty; created the necessity for alliances on a global scale; has threatened the existence of folk culture with the spread of popular culture Connection: diffusion, relocation diffusion, stimulus diffusion
10. redistricting
the process of redrawing boundaries by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn following US census results Example: Texas US District 32 is a small area of Dallas while Texas US District 13 covers half of the Panhandle and a small area of North Texas; both cover an equal population, but District 13 is sparsely populated Application: since urban areas are continuing to increase in population and the population of rural areas is shrinking, urban districts are small geographic areas and rural districts are large areas Connection: population, population density
85. gentrification
the process of wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood and making it unaffordable for existing residents, usually improves the housing quality; as property values increase, older residents on fixed incomes and lower-income residents can no longer afford to pay taxes on their homes or rents for their apartments Example: Chicago's Wicker Park; Cincinnati's Over the Rhine; Dallas' Bishop Arts District Application: often these neighborhoods are near the central business district and its many theaters, restaurants, and museums and available public transportation; the newcomers tend to be either young urban professionals (yuppies) or older couples whose children have moved out (empty nesters) Connection: urban redevelopment, eminent domain
45. Mining
the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine Example: fracking for natural gas Application: provide humans with the raw materials necessary for a modern society (metallic, nonmetallic, mineral fuels) Connection: quarrying, mineral fuels
107. exurbs
the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs Example: Flower Mound, Allen, Frisco Application: contributing to exurbs is the ability of people to work remotely via technology (removes the need to commute); other factors include relative affordability and cultural preferences; while people move into the city to be near cultural amenities, exurbanites are attracted to different features (physical landscape) Connection: counter-urbanization, deurbanization
29. Farming
the raising of crops to obtain for primary consumption or to sell for profit Example: vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy farms, poultry farms Application: the basic facility for food production Connection: commodities, ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations
41. scale
the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on the map Example: accurate maps must be drawn to scale Application: a map has three types of scale—cartographic scale, geographic scale, and the scale of the data represented on the map Connection: cartographic scale, geographic scale, relative scale, scale of data
29. dependency model
the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force; a healthy economy requires more workers than dependents. Example: In the US, 50.9% Application: measures the health of an economy; there must be more workers than non-workers Connection: dependency ratio, workers, shirkers
45. Irredentism
the recovery of territory or population culturally or historically related to one's nation but now subject to a foreign government Example: Argentina's claims to the Falkland Islands currently under UK control Application: Process by which the Kurds would get a state which would be created from parts of the other states they inhabit Connection: culture, language, sovereignty, imperialism, nationalism
37. Rust Belt
the region of the US hit hardest by deindustrialization, the Northeast and lands around the Great Lakes Example: Detroit, Pittsburgh Application: economic decline, population loss, and urban decay have left the once booming area desolate of industry; prior to its decline, it was the focus of American industrial development and was called the Manufacturing Belt Connection: postindustrial, brownfields, deindustrialization
3. midlatitudes
the regions between 30° N and 60° N and between 30° S and 60° S, where most people live Example: Texas is located within the midlatitudes Application: areas of moderate climates and better soils than regions at higher or lower latitudes; particularly noticeable in the northern hemisphere because it has more land than the southern hemisphere Connection: population
79. inner cities
the regions just outside the central business districts in North American cities Example: Fair Park and Pleasant Grove could be considered inner city areas of Dallas Application: usually has a great concentration of poverty (characterized by minimal education opportunities, high unemployment and crime rates, broken families, and inadequate housing Connection: underclass, culture of poverty
30. nationality
the relationship between a person and the political state to which her belongs or is affiliated (political ties and ideas about voting, passports, and civic duties) Example: German, English, Japanese Application: someone may consider themselves "American" (nationality) but have a German (ethnicity) background Connection: ethnicity
42. Market gardening
the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants Example: best return is if a crop (strawberries) can be brought to market out of season; requires hot houses and heating systems Application: provides a wide range and steady supply of fresh produce through the local growing season Connection: micro-farm
24. offshoring
the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process (manufacturing) or supporting processes (accounting) Example: many US software companies locate facilities in India and China (high-skilled low-cost labor) Application: companies will locate services in other countries if the costs of doing business are lower and worth the risk of moving some operations overseas Connection: front offices, back offices, outsourcing
40. processes
the repeated sequences of events that create them Example: before a brushfire there is usually a period of drought which can be caused by changes in the Earth's climate Application: erosion, migration, desertification, globalization Connection: patterns
37. Globalized agriculture
the replacing of small family-owned farms with large farms controlled by giant multinational corporations Example: most of the flowers sold in New York City for Valentine's Day are grown in South American countries Application: the disappearing of the family farm Connection: industrialized agriculture
68. Suffrage
the right to vote Example: In the US, at age 18, all citizens have the right to vote Application: suffrage describes both the legal right to vote and the question of whether a question will be put to a vote Connection: enfranchisement
80. Women's enfranchisement
the right to vote given to women Example: the 19th amendment gave US white women the right to vote at the age of 21 Application: Women in New Zealand were fully enfranchised by 1893, elsewhere in the world, women had to wait until well into the 20th century; several European countries women were not given the right to vote until after WWII (France and Switzerland) Connection: suffrage, rights, gender
7. agglomeration economies
the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as factories or retail stores Example: a shopping mall allows the use of the same infrastructure (building, parking lots, and other common areas) Application: this is the reason Walgreens and CVS are usually located near each other Connection: economies of scale
33. demography
the scientific study of population characteristics Example: the crude birth rate is a piece of demographic data Application: data used to determine the level of development Connection: crude birth rate, crude death rate, fertility rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, literacy rate
57. Transhumance
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures Example: in montane regions (vertical transhumance), people move their livestock between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter Application: helps maintain rangelands by reducing overgrazing and degradation Connection: nomadic herding, subsistence farming
35. Food chain
the series of processes by which food is grown or produced, sold, and eventually consumed Example: processing of potatoes into fries sold in fast food outlets Application: five central and connected sectors (inputs, production, processing, distribution, consumption) Connection: vertical integration, factory farms
22. time-space compression (spatial interaction)
the shrinking "time distance" between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication Example: New York City and London are separated by an ocean, but the development of air travel greatly reduced travel time between them so they feel closer today than in the 19th century Application: global forces are influences culture everywhere and reducing local diversity more than ever before Connection: Location, Distance Decay, Friction of Distance
57. cartogram
the size of the countries (or states, counties, or other areal unit) are shown according to some specific statistic Example: a population cartogram would show Canada and Morocco as roughly the same size because they have similar populations even though Canada is over 20 times larger in area Application: any variable for which there are statistics can be mapped as a cartogram; allow for the comparison of data quickly Connection: reference map, thematic map
77. census block
the smallest geographic unit used by the US Census Bureau for tabulation of data collected from all houses; in 2010 there were 11,155,486 census blocks Example: on average, there are 39 census blocks per block group (census tract) Application: in a densely populated urban area a census block may be very small (consisting of a single block bounded by four streets); in suburban and rural areas, because of their lower population densities, a census block typically covers a larger area Connection: census, social area analysis
14. place
the specific human and physical characteristics of a location Example: all places have a toponym, site, situation, and population Application: used to compare different locations Connection: region, site, situation, sense of place
78. expansion diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process Example: the spread of Islam from its hearth in Saudi Arabia to other areas around and outside of its hearth while remaining strong in Mecca and Medina Application: Three types of expansion diffusion: hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, stimulus diffusion Connection: Relocation diffusion, culture
77. relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another; helps understand spread of AIDS Example: the widespread use of Spanish throughout Texas brought from immigrants Application: Culture travels with people as they migrate to other areas Connection: Expansion diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, stimulus diffusion
39. Geopolitics/Organic Theory
the state's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations; Friedrich Ratzel's organic theory: the state acts as a living organism that needs to consume other territories to survive Example: Hitler's lebensraum (justified Nazi's annexation of land adjoining Germany) Application: focuses of political power in relation to geographic space; analyzes history and social science with reference to geography in relation to politics Connection: Organic theory
8. Organic Theory
the state's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations; Friedrich Ratzel's organic theory: the state acts as a living organism that needs to consume other territories to survive Example: Hitler's lebensraum (justified Nazi's annexation of land adjoining Germany) Application: focuses of political power in relation to geographic space; analyzes history and social science with reference to geography in relation to politics Connection: geopolitics
30. cultural ecology
the study of how humans adapt to the environment Example: the relationship between the people of Tibet and yaks Application: certain cultures would have long died out if they hadn't adapted to the physical landscape; those adaptations have become synonymous with those cultures and have become ingrained as the way of life Connection: human-environment interaction, environmental determinism, possibilism
2. physical geography
the study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment Example: landforms, bodies of water, climate patterns Application: physical geographers study topics such as weather and climate, ecosystems and biomes, and volcanism and erosion Connection: physical science, spatial analysis
3. human geography
the study of the spatial characteristics of humans and human activities Example: births, migration, language, religion, agriculture, development, cities, suburbs, distribution of power Application: human geographers study the human population and the spatial characteristics associated with people Connection: population, culture, economics, urban areas, politics
37. aerial photography
the taking of photographs of an area from above Example: from an airplane or satellite Application: photos can be used for analysis and map-making Connection: landscape analysis, field observation, spatial data, built environment, cultural landscape
33. landscape analysis
the task of defining and describing landscapes Example: aerial photography Application: provides physical context to concepts of human-environment interaction and help plan for future land use or restoration Connection: field observation, spatial data, aerial photography, built environment, cultural landscape
38. infant mortality rate (IMR)
the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society Example: In the US, 5,9 deaths per 1,000 live births Application: a high infant mortality rate (IMR) is found in developing countries (LDCs) while a low IMR is found in developed countries (MDCs) Connection: crude birth rate, crude death rate, total fertility rate
20. gross national product (GNP) per capita
the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a year Example: In the US, $14.265 trillion (2009) Application: includes wealth produced domestically and globally Connection: Gross domestic product, Gross national income, economic development
21. gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
the total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year Example: In the US, $14.119 trillion (2009) Application: wealth that is produced domestically (within country's borders) Connection: Gross national product, Gross national income, economic development
100. urban sprawl
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas Example: Houston (metropolitan area covers parts of 9 counties and 68 cities) Application: in the US, more common in the southeast and west; occurs for several reasons—availability of automobiles, creation of interstate and other high-speed highways, and the presence of inexpensive land outside the urban area Connection: rush hour, leapfrogging
5. post-Fordism
the use of automated machines which can work 24 hours a day without breaks or vacations and producing consistent, high-quality work; workers are often trained to do more than one job so they can rotate among a few different workstations during a day Example: Toyota's model of production Application: expensive to install but can save a company money over the long term; marketing shifts from mass consumption to market segmentation (income, gender, age, etc.) Connection: assembly line, Fordism, automation
61. residential density gradient
the variation in population density in residential areas that declines as one moves farther from the inner city with its apartment buildings and townhomes Example: Richardson along Greenville Ave.; Highland Park Application: suburbs are often characterized by single-family detached houses; most suburbs are homogeneous in terms of housing size and style; in recent years, homeowners have been tearing down existing homes and building new ones that are much larger and do not conform to the style of other homes in the neighborhood (McMansions) Connection: residential zones, zoning ordinance
25. Soil erosion
the washing away of soil by the flow of water Example: following the fires of 2017 in California, the rainy season has created mudslides where the plant matter was burned Application: one of the main causes is water erosion (the loss of topsoil due to water) Connection: environmental modification
42. cartographic scale
the way a map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents in words, as a ratio, or in a line Example: one inch equals ten miles, 1:200,000 or 1/200,000, the length of a line and 10 miles (linear scale) Application: gives context to the size of a map Connection: scale, geographic scale, relative scale, scale of data
5. World Systems Theory
theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up to the present Example: Example: core countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials Application: theory describes how the developed countries exploit those less developed Connection: Wallerstein, core, periphery, semi-periphery, Core-Periphery model, development, MDC, LDC, NIC
63. Rimland Theory
theory of Nicholas Spykman (countering the Mackinder's Heartland Theory) that claimed that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia (the rimland) would provide the base for world conquest (not the heartland) Example: Soviet Union during the Cold War Application: explains world domination from the rim rather than from the heartland Connection: MacKinder, Heartland Theory
29. Malthusian theory
theory that food production increases arithmetically, while the population grows exponentially; society would eventually starve to death Example: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Food production 1 unit 2 units 3 units 4 units 5 units Population growth 1 person 2 people 4 people 8 people 10 people Application: Believed controls would help keep the population in check; positive checks (natural checks) include earthquakes, epidemics, wars, famines, and floods (things that cause deaths); negative checks (preventive measures) include late marriages, celibacy, self-restraint, family planning (things to put off having children) Connection: overpopulation, carrying capacity, Malthusian trap, Malthusian catastrophe
16. threshold/range
threshold is the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible (minimum market); range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service (central place theory) Example: McDonald's has a range of 3 miles and a threshold of 10,000 people Application: Once a threshold has been established, the location will seek to expand its market until the range is reached; market areas for groups of locations offering the same order of goods and services will extend an equal distance in all directions in circular fashion Connection: Central Place Theory, transportation, profits
40. Gerrymander
to divide a geographic area into voting districts so as to give unfair advantage to one party in elections Example: North Carolina and Maryland are the most gerrymandered states in the US Application: usually used to turn "too close to call" states into a party's favor Connection: apportionment plan, electoral district, majority-minority district
32. Second agricultural revolution
tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture and made it more efficient (18th and early 19th centuries in Europe) Example: tractors for plowing soils, reapers for cutting crops, threshers for separating grain from straw Application: increased crop productivity to feed more than just the farmer and a village; led to Industrial Revolution Connection: British Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution
28. demographic balancing equation
total population change is equal to birth minus deaths plus immigrants minus emigrants Example: for the US—12.5 births - 8.2 deaths + 3.9 migrants = 8.2 total growth Application: shows how a country is growing or shrinking Connection: rate of natural increase, crude birth rate, crude death rate, immigrants, emigrants
29. Devolution
two meanings: the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states; the break-up of a country into smaller units based on ethnic groups Example: Basque and Catalonia in Spain; the breakup of Yugoslavia Application: context is important; devolution can involve a breaking down of powers of a government with a share of power going to a lower order (i.e., state to city) or it can involve the breaking up of an entire state Connection: Unitary state, Federal state, Yugoslavia, balkanization
4. Border landscape
two types: exclusionary and inclusionary; an exclusionary boundary is meant to keep people out; an inclusionary boundary is meant to facilitate trade and movement Example: an exclusionary boundary would be the border between the U.S. and Mexico; an inclusionary boundary is between the U.S. and Canada Application: follow the concept of place-making and territoriality; most borders are inclusionary Connection: boundary, immigration
56. topographic maps
type of isoline map that uses lines to connect points of equal elevation, creating contours that depict surface features Example: popular among hikers who need to route their travels along an efficient route with as little change in elevation as possible Application: used for landscape study Connection: thematic map, isoline map
103. new urbanism
type of urban planning emerging in the 1990s with goals to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, and create vibrant, livable neighborhoods, largely walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with a mix of homes and businesses; homes would include a variety of sizes and price ranges in order to create a socially diverse community Example: CityLine (Richardson), Watters Creek (Allen) Application: two obstacles facing new urbanism—the existing system of zoning (created segregated areas by land use and contributing to sprawl) and public opinion (people accustomed to traditional land-use patterns in cities were not convinced that the new urbanism was an improvement) Connection: smart growth, mixed-use neighborhoods
55. isoline maps (isometric maps)
use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space Example: weather maps showing changes in barometric pressure, temperature, or precipitation across space Application: where lines are close together, whatever the map depicts is changing rapidly; where the lines are farther apart, the phenomenon is relatively the same Connection: reference map, thematic map, choropleth map, dot distribution map, graduated symbol map, topographic map
54. graduated symbol maps (proportional symbol map)
use symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something; larger sizes indicate more of something and smaller sizes indicate less Example: maps showing traffic volume, earthquakes of different magnitudes, population Application: symbols are arranged on the map centered over the location represented by the data so they may overlap Connection: reference map, thematic map, choropleth map, dot distribution map, isoline map
52. choropleth map
use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data Example: a map showing the percentage of people in a country who speak English Application: often show rates or other quantitative data in defined areas Connection: reference map, thematic map, dot distribution map, graduated symbol map, isoline map
58. map projection
used to show a curved surface on a flat surface Example: Mercator Projection Application: Every map projection has distortion in at least one of four ways (size, shape, distance, direction) Connection: Mercator Projection, Peters Projection, Conic Projection, Robinson Projection
17. social heterogeneity
when a social group has diverse traits Example: the United States Application: a society that includes individuals of different ethnicities, cultural backgrounds, sexes, or ages; diversity Connection: population characteristics, diversity, social homogeneity
11. assimilation
when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group Example: forced onto the Native Americans by the US government when forced into reservations Application: often occurs as ethnic groups become more affluent and leave their ethnic areas; complete assimilation rarely happens (religion is often the one trait retained the longest) Connection: acculturation, multiculturalism, nativism
27. complementarity
when both trade partners have goods or services that the other party desires Example: If the trade between two places is immense there is a high level of complementarity between the two places. If trade between two places is nothing, there is no complementarity between the two. Application: It is difficult to measure complementarity, but the concept is useful to geographers who want to understand the interaction between places. Connection: balance of trade, trade imbalance
44. scale of data
when comparing data from two maps of the same scale, but the data is analyzed on a different scale Example: using a population density map of Australia, compare the data at the country level to that at the state/territory level; one map shows Australia as moderately populated throughout while the other shows large, sparsely populated areas and a few small, densely populated areas Application: used to find variations in pattern between different scales Connection: scale, geographic scale, cartographic scale
51. Specialization
when individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged Example: Cotton farmer, Wheat farmer Application: can lead to trade-offs between economic gains and ecosystem functions Connection: globalized agriculture, industrial agriculture
48. brain drain
when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people Example: 11% of Africans with graduate or professional degrees live in the US, Europe, or other developed countries Application: has a negative effect on the country of origin as its brightest people are leaving the country Connection: push factors, pull factors
41. Diaspora
when one group of people is dispersed to various locations Example: the dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel in ancient times Application: when capitalized, refers to the Jewish migration; when uncapitalized can refer to refugee or immigrant populations of other origins or ethnicities living away from an established or ancestral homeland Connection: migration, religion
45. chain migration
when people move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously Example: migration to Europe from former European colonies in the Middle East, South Asia, and West Africa in order to meet up with family members who had previously migrated Application: increased migrant streams from one area to another as a result of kinship links or other social and political connections Connection: ethnic enclave
7. Agricultural origins
where and how agriculture began; hearths—Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley, Mesoamerica Example: Mesoamerica is the hearth for corn (maize) Application: There are five major agricultural hearths: Latin America (maize, cotton, potatoes, lima beans), Southeast Asia (mango, taro, coconut, pigeon pea), East Asia (rice, soybean, walnut, Chinese chestnut), Southwest Asia (lentil, olive, rye, barley), Sub-Saharan Africa (yams, sorghum, finger millet, coffee) Connection: hearth, culture, Agricultural Revolution, Neolithic Revolution
15. Lösch's Model
zone of profitability Example: minimization of three costs—transportation, labor, agglomeration Application: firms will identify a zone of profitability where income will outpace costs (a place with low labor costs, easy travel, and resources) Connection: Location model, agglomeration