AP Human Geography 11
45. Trains: pro and con because:
(p) used for longer destinations (c) take longer than trucks
44. Trucks: pro and con because:
(p) used for short-distances. can be loaded and unloaded quickly (c) can be expensive.
47. Air: pro and con because
(p) very speedy delivery (c) most expensive for all deliveries
1. Regarding the Industrial Revolution: What? Where? When?
- a time period in which a country starts to rely on machinery to do simple tasks, then escalates to bigger jobs - Great Britain - late 1700s
Increasingly important industrial areas outside of NA and Europe include: 33. South Asia:
- one of the fastest growing economies - India is the center for business service - India's GDP is expected to match that of the US by 2050
Increasingly important industrial areas outside of NA and Europe include: 32. East Asia: Give important facts
- rapid industrial growth - includes South Korea, which is the worlds leading producers of large container ships - also the worlds leading producer of steel and fabricated metals
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41. Even mills in the Southeast USA paying $10 to $15 per hour have been unable to complete with LDC countries paying less $____ an hour.
1
23. The first kind of machine was invented by a French tailor in ___________. a. _____________ and _______________ both claim commercially introducing the successful machine to the USA in the 1850s.
1830 Isaac Singer / Elias Howe
6. The average wage paid to manufacturing workers exceeds $_________ in North America, Western Europe, and other MDCs. LDCs, per hour wage is less than $________.
20 / 5
27. Global scale: _____ of vehicles sold in the USA are assembled in _____, and most of the remainder are assembled in ___________ and ______________.
3/4; USA; Canada; Mexico
42. European countries have been hit even harder by international competition. Compensation for manufacturing employees exceed $______ per hour in much of Europe.
30
a. _______ % of the world manufacturing employment is done by the textile and apparel industry.
6
38. Looking at Map 11-25, MDCs had ______ of global steel in 1980 compared to only ________ in 2008.
80% / 40%
49. Definition of break-of-bulk point:
A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
7. Looking at the map fig. 11-7, where are the most copper mines located?
Arizona
34. Why do bottlers locate near their customers rather than the manufacturers of the containers?
Because they are heavier filled
33. Because water is available where people live,
Bottlers can minimize costs by producing beverages hear their consumers instead or shipping water long distances.
78. Largest drawback of BRIC:
Brazil was on the the side of the planet
76. What does BRIC stand for?
Brazil, Russia, India, and China
2. Define this term "cottage industry":
Home-based manufactoring
c. Where are China's industries clustered?
In 3 centers along the east coast
b. Where is Japan's manufacturing concentrated? Between what 2 cities?
In a Central region; Tokyo-yokohama & Osaka-kobe Kyoto
20. What does the St. Petersburg Industrial District specialize in? Why is this?
In ship building and other industries serving Russia's navy; it ports in the Baltic Sea.
6. What was the effect of the steam engine on industrial firms?
It could supply power far more efficient than the water mills then in common use, let alone human or animal power.
24. Name 3 advantages the Northeast had in the development of industry compared to the rest of the country.
It was a dominant industrial center, it had essential raw materials, and good transportation.
a. Why was development in transportation necessary?
It was critical for diffusing the Industrial Revolution.
a. How did the industrial revolution and factory system contribute to the growth of food processing?
It was essential to feed the factory workers no longer living on farms
7. Iron Industry: a. Explain how the steam engine helped the iron industry.
It was the first industry to benefit from Watt's steam engine, as it provided a practically way to keep the ovens constantly heated.
26. _______________ and _____________ rank 2nd and third in manufacturing behind ____________________________.
Japan/China/only United States
13. What industries are now locating in the UK? What have the British done more than other European countries?
Japanese companies; lower taxes on businesses, reduce government monopolies to private ownership, and utilize computers.
39. Labor-intensive industries have been attracted to _______.
LDCs
28. Case Study: Delphi's Chihuahua plant is known as? Explain how did it get its name?
Maquiladaro; from the Spanish verb maquilar, which means to receive payment for grinding or processing corn.
13. For surviving steel mills in the USA, proximity to _____________ has become more important than the traditional situation factor of proximity to ______________.
Markets/imputs
16. What is the second most important industrial area in Western Europe? What countries comprise this region?
Mid-Rhine; Germany, France & Luxembourg
5. Every industry uses inputs from the physical environment such as
Minerals, Wood, or animals
14. Looking at Figure 11-9, ________________ for steel production are more numerous than integrated steel mills, and they are distributed around the country near local_________.
Mini mills/markets
18. What has led to the Po Basin attracting textiles and other industries?
Modern industrial development
19. Where is the Russian Central Industrial District centered and the main asset?
Moscow; specializes in fabrics and products that required skilled labor.
12. Steelmaking demonstrates that when the source of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry changes. In the USA, the distribution of steel production has changed several times because of changing inputs. c. Early twentieth century:
Most new steel mills were located near the Southern end of Lake Michigan. Changes in steel making required more iron in proportion to coal.
12. Steelmaking demonstrates that when the source of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry changes. In the USA, the distribution of steel production has changed several times because of changing inputs. d. Late twentieth century:
Most steel mills in the US closed most of the survivors were around southern lake Michigan and along the East coast.
8. Give an example and explanation of a labor-intensive versus a high-wage job.
Motor- vehicle workers are paid much higher hourly wages than textile workers, yet the textile industry is labor- intensive and the auto industry is not
55. Figure 11-29: Skilled workers who makes dresses and knit outerwear are still located in or near_____________________.
New York or California
20. What was the area of New York City called that once housed a large % of the nation's textile and apparel manufacturers?
New York's Garment District at 7th Avenue and 33rd Street
70. What does NAFTA mean?
North American Free Trade Agreement
23. Looking at the Map 11-22, where is the other major area of the country where socks and hosiery are made?
North Carolina
29. Auto alley is formed by _____________________________. Name 4 states I-65 runs through: _____________, _______________, _______________, ____________.
North-South interstate highways 65 & 75/Alabama/Tennessee/Kentucky/Indiana
52. Looking at Figure 11-27, which manufacturing workers as of 2007 earn the most money per hour?
Norway
15. The largest mini-mill operator in the USA is _______________________. Rather than iron ore and coal, the main input into mini-mill production is __________ __________.
Nucor Corporation Mini Mills/Scrap metal
36. Single-market manufacturers are specialized manufacturers with only:
One or two customers
21. What is the main resource of the Volga district?
Petroleum and Natural gas
50. Import break-of-bulk points include: ______________ and ________________.
Seaports/Airports
9. The major draw for many manufacturers was enactment by South states of right-to-work laws. A definition of right-to-work:
a US state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
11. What are the rules of a "closed shop" in a factory?
a company and a union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory
37. Example of a single-market manufacturer is:
a producer of parts for motor vehicles
• The optimal plant location is as close as possible to inputs IF
The cost of transporting raw materials to the factory exceeds the cost of transporting the product to consumers
• The optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer IF
The cost of transporting the product exceeds the cost of transporting imputs
14. Describe the concentration of industry in the Rhine-Ruhr valley?
The industry is dispersed rather than concentrated in one or two cities.
8. Define Coal:
The source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engine.
22. Why do you think the Communists established the Kuznetsk industrial region?
To invest in the area's coal and iron ore
10. Define Textiles:
Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system during the late eighteenth century.
3. Inputs are:_________________, __________________, ________________ and ______________________ ____________________ (2 words).
Transporting materials to and from a factory
35. Looking at map 11-24, steel production in 1980 was heaviest in what country?
USA
23. List the 5 main manufacturing areas of the U.S.
Western Great Lakes, Mohawk Valley, Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, New England, & Middle Atlantic
32. Name 3 ingredients that are much less bulky than #2's answer: ________, _________, ___________.
barley/hops/yeast
50. Why has outsourcing had a major impact on the distribution of manufacturing?
because each step in the production process is now scrutinized closely in order to determine the optimal location
7. Why did the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s and early 1900s largely bypass the South?
because they lacked infrastructure needed for development
20. Fabricators shape individual pieces of metal using as processes as: _________________, ______________, _____________, and ___________________.
bending/forging/stamping/forming
30. Beverage bottling is another good example of an industry that adds_________.
bulk
5. Europe's government policies have encouraged relocation toward ____________________ distressed peripheral or outer areas.
economically
31. In the 20th Century, _________ became an important source of energy. This source of energy is generated in several ways
electricity
25. Unlike the USA, European government policies have __________________________.
explicitly encouraged this industrial relocation
43. List 1 examples of a product other than food that is highly perishable: Why is this product in decline?
daily newspaper/because it contains dated information
14. Steel, textiles, tobacco products, and furniture industries have become:
dispersed through smaller communities in the South, many in search of a labor force willing to work for less pay than in the North and forgo joining union
34. The ability to borrow money has been a critical factor in the
distribution of industry in LDCs
18. A prominent example of bulk-gaining industry is the _____________________ _________________________________________________________________
fabrication of parts machinery from steel and other metals.
45. However, operations that require highly skilled workers remain in ________. This selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs is known as the ______________________________________.
factories in MDCs / new international discussion of labor
24. Machinery is fabricated for use in: _________, ___________, __________ and _________.
farms/factories/offices/homes
49. As a result of outsourcing, carmakers account:
for only around 30% of the value of the vehicles that bear their names
42. Examples of fresh food located far from their customers: ___________, _________, ____________________, ____________________.
frozen/canned preserved/processed
69. Look at Figure 11-30 p. 367; Motor vehicles sold in the USA by the Detroit 3 contain: ________________________ than do vehicles sold by _________, ____________, and _______________.
higher percentage of US made parts / Japan / Korea / Germany
18. It then would shut down production in _________________________________.
higher-wage loctions
66. What does Wal-Mart do?
holds low inventories but tells suppliers to hold high inventories "just in case"
28. National scale: most assembly plants are located in the __________ of the USA, between ____________ and _________________.
interior/Michigan/Alabama
10. Steel is an alloy of _______________ that is manufacturing by removing impurities such as:
iron
11. Two principal inputs in steel production are:
iron ore and coal
74. Environmentalists charge that Mexico:
is not strictly enforcing those regulations
47. How does this differ from the typical traditional mass production called vertical integration?
it gave them the ability to do and control everything
27. How has Spain's manufacturing growth been helped by admission to the EU in 1986?
it has been retarded by physical and political isolation
1. ________ is the site factor is changing dramatically in the 21st century.
labor
20. For mechanized weaving, _________ constitutes a high percentage of the total production cost.
labor
2. What are the three traditional production factors that may vary among locations?
land, labor, and capita
10. What kind of workers?
less- skilled and low-cost
17. To minimize transport costs, a bulk-gaining industry needs to _______________________________________________________________.
located near where the product is sold
44. Transnational corporations have been esp. aggressive in using ______________________.
low cost labor in LDCs
17. The textile and apparel industry known for production in _______________.
lower-wage locations
35. Look at Figure 11-12. Brewing companies locate their plants near ___________ and most breweries are clustered heavily in the _____________.
major population concentrations/populated Northeast
29. This new area of Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary offers:
manufacturers an attractive combination of two important site and situation factors
23. Steel fabricators traditionally locate near _________________________.
markets
57. Explain Fordist production:
mass production because the Ford Motor company was one of the first to organize its production this way
2. Situation factors involve:
materials/energy/machinery/supporting services
41. Examples of perishable products located near their customers to assure rapid delivery.
milk or bread
62. This type of delivery reduces the ________ that a manufacturer must tie-up in wasteful inventory.
money
19. A fabricated-metal factory brings together metals such as steel and previously manufactured parts as the main inputs and transforms them into a _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
more complex product
3. LABOR is the:
most important site factor at a global scale
26. The largest market for fabricated metal and machinery manufacturers is ____________.
motor vehicles
13. As a result, the percentage of workers who are members of a union is
much lower in the South that else where in the US
12. By enforcing right-to-work laws, Southern states made it:
much more difficult for unions to organize factory workers, collect dues, and bargain with employees from a position of strength
25. LAND suitable for constructing a factory can be found in many places. Land is comprised of ______________and _______________ resources.
natural / human
33. One-fourth of all capital in the USA is spent on ___________________ in the ______________________.
new industries / Silicon Valley
4. USA's industry has shifted from ________ toward the ______ and west.
northeast / south
19. It started in the ____________ part of the USA in the early 1900s and then shifted to the _______________ and ________________.
northeastern / South / West
24. Manufacturing has diffused from traditional industrial centers in _____________ towards ______________ and _______________ Europe.
northwestern Europe / Southern / Eastern
3. Within MDCs, industry is shifting away from the traditional industrial areas of _________________ and ___________________.
northwestern Europe / northeastern U.S.
15. The first true synthetic fiber was ________ and it was made from petroleum.
nylon
15. The Gulf Coast has become an industrial area of access to ______ and ___________.
oil / natural gas
16. What industry do you find along the Gulf Coast?
oil refining, petro-chemical manufacturing, food processing, and aerospace product manufacturing
7. Why is a labor-intensive industry not the same as a high-wage industry?
one is measured as a percentage while the other is measured in dollars or other currencies
65. They build computers only in response to customer _________ primarily by __________ or the ______________________.
orders / telephone / over the internet
46. Transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries through __________ which is turning over much of the responsibility for production to _________________________.
outsourcing / independent suppliers
25. East Asia has taken advantage of its most abundant resource which is _______.
people
16. _______________ is the leading synthetic.
polyster
14. Rayon is made from ________________________,
processing the cellulose in wood pulp
22. Steelmakers traditionally locate near _____________________.
raw material
63. Manufacturers also save money by reducing_____________________ because_______________________________________________________.
reducing the size of the factory / space does not have to be wasted on piling up a mountain of inventory
73. Mexico has adopted:
regulations to reduce air pollution in Mexico City
1. Define site factors:
result from the unique characteristics of a location
48. Regardless of transportation mode, cost ________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
rises each time that inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another.
30. During Industrial Revolution, many economic activities were located near ______ and close to___________. __________ and ___________ were the 2 most important sources of energy near and close for the above.
rivers / forests / water / wood
39. List several car parts that are made by single-market manufacturers that are located near final assembly plants: ____________ and _______________.
seats/engines
22. ___________________________ is probably an even older human activity than spinning and weaving.
sewing
3. The Industrial Revolution resulted in new ___________________, __________________, and _____________________ inventions.
social/economic/political
21. Manufacturing moved from the Northeast to the __________ in the 1950s. This area is home to 99% of the U.S. ___________________________
south / hoisery
37. The shift to new industrial regions can be seen clearly in ________ and ___________.
steel / clothing
4. The root of the Industrial Revolution was ________________________.
technology
25. Common fabricated goods are: ________________, _______________, ___________.
televisions/refrigerators/ACs
6. Look at the Map 11-21. NE USA lost 6 million jobs in manufacturing between 1950-2000. What states shown on the 2009 map were added in the South and West between 1950 and 2009?
texas, california, alabama, arkansas, and florida
72. Environmentalists fear:
that NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico because laws governing air and water quality standrds
71. Labor leaders fear:
that more manufacturers will relocate production to Mexico and take advantage of the lower wage rates
21. ________________________ is the most critical factor in producing fabricated metals.
the cost of shopping the final product to consumers
4. All manufacturers try to minimize the costs of transporting inputs to their factories and transporting finished products from their plants to consumers. The farther something is transported the _____________________________. So a manufacturer tries to ___________________________ as close as possible to both ______________ and ________________.
the higher cost/locate its factory/buyers/sellers
60. Just-in-time means:
the shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
29. Name reasons executives might select a location for the site of a new factory.
they are attracted to the distinctive amenities, they are accessible to low-cost energy sources, and sources of running water
35. MDC banks may not lend out funds or capital to LDCs because:
they are located in a country that is perceived to have an unstable political system, a high debt level, or ill-advised economic policies
51. How has this scrutiny of the production process affected carmakers?
they have outsourced production of seats to independent companies
10. In an "open shop", a union and a company agree that:
they may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
48. Explain vertical integration with the example of the USA carmakers.
they once made nearly all of their own parts, but now most of this operation is outsourced to other companies to be able to make the parts cheaper and better
27. The advantages of contemporary factories:
they operate more efficiently, the land is cheaper, and they are attractive
28. Why rural factories or suburbs are better than cities to locate factory:
they provide enough space, and facilitate delivery inputs and shipment of products
22. Why did manufacturers choose the Southeast like North Carolina?
they were able to reach markets easily
58. Explain Post-Fordist production:
used to describe lean production in contrast of the Ford Production
16. A bulk-gaining industry makes something that gains __________ or weight during production.
volume
18. A set of thread strung lengthwise on a loom frame is called the ________.
warp
31. Principal input of a beverage container is _________. Interestingly enough, this liquid is relatively bulky, heavy, and expensive to transport.
water
19. A set of thread called a _________ is carried in a shuttle that is inserted over and under the warp.
weft
38. What are "just-in-time" parts?
where parts are delivered just in time to be used
2. To lessen labor costs, some manufacturers are located in places:
where prevailing wage rates are lower than in traditional industrial regions
a. What was the main energy source before coal?
wood
9. Textiles are:
woven fabrics
40. Apparel works in the USA declined from 90,000 in 1990 to ________ in 2009.
150000
46. Ships are pro and con because:
(P) attractive for long distances (c) slower than land-based transportation
11. What are the 3 steps in Textile and Apparel production? DEFINE each one.
1. spinning- fiber and other preparatory work to make yarn from natural or human-made material 2. weaving/ knitting- yarn into fabric (finishing of fabric by bleaching or dyeing) 3. cutting/ sewing- fabric for assembling into clothing and other products
31. The share of world industry in other regions has increased from 1/6 in 1970 to ______ in 2010.
1/2
68. In the USA, ____ of vehicle parts are made in the USA by U.S. owned companies, ____ are made in the US by foreign-owned transnational corporations, and _____ are made overseas and imported into the USA.
1/2 / 1/4 / 1/4
5. Labor constitutes what average of overall manufacturing costs in the USA?
11%
17. What types of goods are most often produced in the German portion of the Mid-Rhine region?
Abundant raw materials
a. Where is Japan's industrial production clustered?
Along the Southeast Coast
a. How did the chemicals transform this industry?
An industry created to bleach and dye cloth.
6. Bulk-reducing industry definition is:
An industry in which the inputs weight more than the final product.
b. What two forms of transportation grew rapidly?
Canals & Railroads
13. ___________ produces 2/3 of the world's cotton thread.
China
17. Cotton yarn is produced in the largest quantity of tons in what country? Map.
China
36. By 2008 the largest word steel production has been found especially in LDC _______.
China
21. What are the two dominant fabric producers in the world because of lower labor costs offset the expensive of shipping inputs and products long distances?
China and India
8. Look at the same map fig. 11-7, where are most of foundries located?
East and West coasts
30. In 1970, nearly 1/2 of world industry was in ________________ and nearly 1/3 was in ___________.
Europe / North America
1. Intro section: A company faces 2 geographical costs:
Situation & site
53. What country pays its workers the least in manufacturing jobs?
Sri Lanka
5. The invention most important to the development of factories by the __________________ invented by ____________________ in 1769.
Steam engine/ James Watt
12. Steelmaking demonstrates that when the source of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry changes. In the USA, the distribution of steel production has changed several times because of changing inputs. b. Late 19th century:
Steel mills were built around lake discovery of rich iron ore in the Mesabi Range.
54. Looking in Figure 11-28, the largest clusters of skilled workers are located in 2 places in the USA. Where? ____________ and ___________________
Texas / California
8. What organization brought electricity to much of the rural South and roads were constructed in previously inaccessible sections of the Appalachians, Piedmont, and Ozarks?
The Tennessee Valley Authority
12. Steelmaking demonstrates that when the source of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry changes. In the USA, the distribution of steel production has changed several times because of changing inputs. a. Mid-nineteen century:
The US steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh in Southwestern Pennsylvania, where iron ore and coal were both mined
15. What is the world's largest port? Why is this?
The city of Rotterdam; it lies at the mouth of several branches of the Rhine River as it flows into North Sea.
75. Problems Mexico faces: a. loss of 1/4 maquiladora jobs since 2000 because: b. What does that say about MDC manufacturers above in your opinion?
a. Mexican wages are higher than others in LDCcs b. they value their money
67. Two kinds of disruptions can result from reliance on just-in-time delivery. a. Labor unrest: b. Acts of God:
a. a strike at one supplier plant can shut down the entire production within couple of days b. most common are weather-relted incidents
43. Looking at Figure 11-26, what 2 declines are shown regarding apparel production and jobs? a. b.
a. blouses and shirts b. underwear
9. What are 3 steps of copper production? Briefly describe the activity. a. b. c. d. Fourth step is not-bulk reducing, so does not need to be near inputs.
a. concentration- concentration mills crush the ore into fine particles, mix them with water and chemicals, and filter and dry. b. smelting- removes more impurities to produce 60-99% pure copper. c. refining- purified copper is put though refiners to produce 99.99% pure copper d. Fourth step is not-bulk reducing, so does not need to be near inputs.
28. East of Germany and West of Russia have become major centers of industry since the fall of communism in the early 1990s. Facts about this area on the next page. a. b. This region prefers to be called ___________________.
a. have had the most industrial development b. central Europe
Increasingly important industrial areas outside of NA and Europe include: 34. Latin America: a. b. c. maquiladora plants: d. Mexico City: e. Brazil leading: f. Brazil's industry:
a. nearest low-wage region to the US b. the cost of shipping from Mexico to the US is lower than from other LDCs c. located in Mexico's far north to be as close as possible to the US d. the country's largest market e. the leading industrial country in Latin America f. serve primarily the domestic market, which is also the regions largest
26. The European Union (EU) provides assistance to what it calls "convergence regions and competitive and employment regions" a. List Convergence Regions: b. List Competitive and Employment Regions:
a. primarily eastern and southern Europe where incomes lag behind Europe's average b. primarily western Europe's traditional core industrial areas, which have experienced substantial manufacturing job losses in recent years
77. What power does BRIC have? a. 21st century: b. China and India: c. Russia/Brazil rich:
a. they would become the worlds dominant industrial bloc b. 2 of the largest labor forces c. their inputs critical for industry
59. Three types of work rules distinguished post-Fordist lean production: a. Teams: b. Problem solving: c. Leveling:
a. workers are placed in teams and told to figure out for themselves how to preform a variety of tasks b. a problem was addressed through consensus after consulting with all affected parties rather than through filing a complaint or grievance c. factory workers are treated alike and managers and veterans do not get special treatment; they wear the same uniforms, eat in the same cafeteria, park in the same lot, and participate in the same athletic and social activities
a. However, cities lacked _________________________.
abundant land
32. The ________________ industry requires a large amount of electricity to separate the pure form from bauxite ore. The world's largest company of this industry is _________. Capital - Manufacturers typically:
aluminum / Alcoa
4. A labor-intensive industry is
an industry where wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses
24. MDCs play a large role in _____________________ than in spinning and weaving.
assembly
26. What were the early advantages of having a factory located inside a city?
attractive situation and attractive site
56. Even though industry is attracted to low-cost labor, industry still locates in one of the traditional regions, esp. in NE USA and NW Europe. Two location factors influence industries to remain in these traditional regions:
availability of skilled labor and rapid delivery to the market
40. Why are some car parts not manufactured close to the customer?
changing site factors were more important
64. ___________ manufacturers have eliminated inventory altogether.
computer
12. Principal natural fiber for textiles is ____________________.
cotton
61. Just-in-time manufacturers locate factories near its ____________.
customers