AP Human Geography: Agriculture

Due to industrialization in the 1800s and early 1900s, there was a rapid rural-to-urban migration. As work opportunities were eliminated in agirculture, manufacturing job (secondary sector) opportunities increased.

How does the Second Ag. Revolution affect the job shift from primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sector?

Each ring is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is.

How is each ring of Von Thünen's Model determined?

Approximately 8,000 years ago

How long ago did animal domestication occur?

Approximately 10,000 years ago

How long ago was the domestication of seed crops?

2-3 years

How long does the land remain fertile for after slashing and burning?

The Industrial Revolution

The second agricultural revolution took place during what other revolution?

E. (Explanation: The Green Revolution refers to the use of modern science to grow large quantities of food. It includes all the choices except organic farming.)

Which of the following is not associated with the Green Revolution? A. GMOs B. Herbicides C. Pesticides D. Selective breeding E. Organic farming

Linear villages can be either nucleated or dispersed.

Which villages are dispersed?

- Clustered - Round - Walled - Grid

Which villages are nucleated?

The second ring is known as the labor-intensive ring, meaning that the plants and animals require constant tending, weeding, and taking care of. Fruits and garden vegetables are located in this ring, as well as *dairy* cows.

Why are the things in the second ring located where they are?

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, etc. are produced. *NO DAIRY

What is Mediterranean Agriculture?

Slash and burn agirculture

What is a form of shifting cultivation?

Growing only enough food to survive

What is subsistence agriculture?

The transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming

What is the First Ag. Revolution?

The second agricultural revolution was based on a greater use of technology. In this revolution, farmers started to use machinery in many more aspects of agriculture.

What is the Second Agricultural Revolution based on?

The Green Revolution

What is the Third Ag. Revolution commonly referred to as?

This ring is grazing land, and the least labor-intensive. *Beef* cattle tend to be located in this ring.

What is the fifth (most outer) ring on Von Thünen's Model?

The town, village, or city. This is known as the central place.

What is the first (smallest ring) on Von Thünen's Model?

Labor extensive crops are located in the fourth ring. These crops require far less tending. Examples of these crops are wheat, barley, and rye. Large plots of land are required to grow these staple food crops that are needed in much larger volumes than vegetables.

What is the fourth ring on Von Thünen's Model?

The third ring is a managed forest. Trees are located here because of their bulk and weight; they are located close to the central place in order to minimize transportation costs.

What is the third ring on Von Thünen's Model?

40%

What percent of the world's people are farmers?

- Long growing season - Humid climate - Accessible to large markets

What three conditions make the southeast U.S. an ideal location for Mediterranean agriculture?

IR8 IR8 went to a new variety known as IR36. IR36 is able to resist against 15 different types of pesticides. By 1992, IR36 was the most grown crop on earth.

What was the new rice plant created during the Green Revolution?

LDCs and less habitable areas

Where are you most likely to find subsistence agirculture?

**Animal domestication took place in different places

Where did animal domestication take place?

The earliest known developments of the First Ag. Revolution took place in the middle east (Fertile Crescent).

Where did the First Agricultural Revolution take place?

Globally

Where is organic food produced?

Core countries

Where is organic food sold?

Up until 1865, plantation agirculture was extremely common in North America. Currently, it is primarily found in LDCs.

Where is plantation agriculture commonly found?

Southwest Asia

Where was wheat first domesticated?

China

Which country benefited the most from the Green Revolution?

Borders a sea and most are on west coasts; Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter temperatures; Summer's are hot and dry; Land is hilly.

Describe the conditions of the Mediterranean climate and agriculture.

Modern village type laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines. Common in the western United States.

Grid villages

Northeast ,Midwest, West Coast

In what regions of the US are the most acres used for agriculture?

C

A small scale farmer who successfully survived the farm crisis in rural areas would not have: A. Initiated a marketing campaign demonstrating his commitment to animal welfare B. Begun to sell non-GMO certified products C. Switched from a diverse range of crops to corn and soy-bean monoculture D. Invested in heirloom varieties of produce E. Purchased open pastures or large outdoor pends for free-range poultry

B

All of the following can contribute to desertification except: A. Overgrazing B. Slash and burn agirculture C. Deforestation D. Soil salinization E. Extensive pastoralism

D

All of the following characteristics mark the Third Ag. Revolution except: A. The internationalization of industrialized farming B. The use of larger, more powerful agricultural equipment C. Research in biotechnology and food processing D. The invention of artificial chemical fertilizers and pesticides E. The growth of the Green Revolution

High-- this means that more people have to be fed off of much less land. Countries that practice subsistence agriculture are more susceptible to famine.

In LDCs, is the physiological density of a country high or low?

Plantation agirculture is usually extensive

Is plantation agirculture extensive or intensive?

In modern time, subsistence agriculture is usually intensive.

Is subsistence agriculture extensive or intensive?

This was put in by the French and used in French regions of North America such as Canada and Louisiana. Most farmland was along rivers and the system created long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river.

Long Lot System

This system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels. This one is native to England and can be found in the original thirteen colonies. From the air it can be seen that land parcels are irregular in size and shape.

Metes and Bounds

B (Explanation: Modern agribusiness produces large quantities of food, so answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Plantations (D), while found in less-developed countries, are also part of agribusiness because they grow large quantities of food. Agribusiness also relies on transportation (E) networks to bring food from all over the world to market.)

Modern agribusiness is not typically associated with which of the following? A. Commercial agriculture B. Subsistence agirculture C. The Green Revolution D. Plantations E. Transportation networks

E

The concept of transhumance is associated with: A. Stage 2 of the DTM B. Buddhist spiritual practices C. Pastoralism D. Subsistence farming E. Hunting and gathering societies

Water (the sea)

Regions that produce Mediterranean agriculture must always be surrounded by what?

Traditional style found in East Africa and parts of Europe, It features houses that circle around a central corral for animals, with fields extending outside the ring of houses.

Round villages

B

Subsistence agirculture is *most likely* to be: A. Very intensive B. Marked by high amounts of labor inputs C. Performed on small plots of land D. Conducted in areas with high physiologic density E. Susceptible to famine caused by drought or armed conflict

Technological changes drastically reduced labor requirements and increased the scale of farm production. Basically, technological changes and mechanization led to larger farms and fewer farmers.

Technological changes improved agirculture in what way?

Early stage 3.

The Second Ag. Revolution is linked to what stage on the DTM?

1. A more inclusive way of farming 2. The internationalization of industrialized farming

The Third Ag. Revolution marked the start of what two things?

Flying over the western U.S. one sees that our farmland and towns have a square pattern. The system (Public Land Survey System) divided land into 6-mile-square townships, which is the level of information included in the National Atlas. Townships were subdivided into 36 one-mile-square sections. Sections could be further subdivided into quarter sections and quarter-quarter sections.

Township & Range

The invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger.

What did the Green Revolution result in?

E (Explanation: According to Von Thünen, land costs and transportation costs have an inverse relationship. Von Thünen was not concerned with labor or machinery costs.)

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? A. Labor costs and land costs B. Labor costs and machinery costs C. Labor costs and transportation costs D. Land costs and machinery costs E. Land costs and transportation costs

Von Thünen's Model can be described as an inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model; the higher the labor costs, the closer it is to the center, and the lower the labor costs, the farther it is from the center.

Von Thünen's Model explains the cost-to-distance relationship in agricultural land use. It can be described as...

Developed in ancient days, often surrounded by moats. Common in Europe (from the Middle Ages).

Walled villages

Land use and distribution systems

What are cadastral systems?

Cows, goats, pigs, horses, and sheep. (C.G.P.H.S: Can Gary please have soup)

What are the five most important domesticated animals?

1. Farmers produce more than one crop, process the crop, and advertise and market it 2. The use of larger, more powerful agricultural machinery 3. Research in biotechnology and food processing has made agribusiness a big businesses

What are three important characteristic of modern commercial agirculture?

Plant domestication and animal domestication.

What are two of the primary "hallmarks" of the First Ag. Revolution?

Shifting cultivation

What is a type of of subsistence agriculture?

Agirculture that requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land (or both)

What is extensive agriculture?

Advocation of the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods.

What is fair trade?

Agirculture that requires lots of labor input, or a small plot of land (or both)

What is intensive agriculture?

Growing plants without using any pesticides, hormones, or fertilizer

What is organic agriculture?

The number of people per unit of arable land

What is physiological density?

Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

What is plantation agriculture?

A type of agriculture that is found primarily in tropical and subtropical zones, where traditional farmers had to abandon plots of land after the soil became infertile.

What is shifting cultivation?

Slash and burn agirculture is also referred to as Swidden. It involves a cycle of cutting and fallowing. It occurs in tropical rainforest regions. Swidden is considered an unsustainable form of agriculture.

What is slash and burn agirculture?