CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE
A
.Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the A.mitochondria. B. ribosomes. C. lysosomes. D. peroxisomes.
C
A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is likely specialized to A.store large quantities of water B. import and export large quantities of protein C. synthesize large quantities of lipids D. actively secrete large quantities of protein
B
A characteristic 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules is associated with ________. A. centrioles and basal bodies B. eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia C. eukaryotic flagella, motile cilia, and nonmotile cilia D. bacterial flagella
C
A defect in which of the following intercellular junctions would allow partially digested material to leak passively between the cells of the small intestine into the abdominal cavity? A. tight junctions B. plasmodesmata C. gap junctions D. desmosomes
A
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in which of the following organelles or structures? A. Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix B. nuclear matrix and extracellular matrix C. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus D. nuclear pores and secretory vesicles
A
A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based just on this information, the organism is most likely ________. A. a motile eukaryote B. a motile bacterium C. a motile archaea D. a nonmotile prokaryote
A
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? A. The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images. B. The toy microscope produces less contrast in the specimens. C. The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source. D. The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen.
A
Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves ________. A. growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B. assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement C. reinforcement of the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D. localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules
A
Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will take up asbestos by phagocytosis, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in ________. A. lysosomes B. the Golgi apparatus C. peroxisomes D. nuclei
B
Cilia and flagella bend because of ________. A. a motor protein called radial spokes B. a motor protein called dynein C. conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally D. contraction by myosin
D
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the A. ribosomes. B. peroxisomes. C. lysosomes. D. mitochondria.
B
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to carry out which of the following processes? A. extend pseudopodia B. move vesicles within a cell C. divide in two D. contract muscle fibers
A
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of lipids. This leads to the accumulation of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells may be involved in Gaucher disease. A. The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids. B. The mitochondria are most likely defective and do not produce adequate amounts of ATP needed for cellular energy. C. The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains too many ribosomes, which results in an overproduction of the enzyme involved in lipid breakdown. D. The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles with faulty membranes, which fail to be transported to the plasma membrane for secretion.
D
H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted intercellular junctions, and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments? A. One cell functioned as an organizer for each organism, thereby attracting only cells of the same species. B. The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) were irreversibly destroyed during the experiment. C. The two species of sponge had different enzymes that functioned in the reassembly process. D. The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.
D
If plant cells are grown on media containing radioactively labeled thymine for one generation, radioactively labeled macromolecules will be detected in which of the following? A. only in the nucleus B. only in the nucleus and mitochondria C. only in the nucleus and chloroplasts D. in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
D
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and ________. A. combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide B. combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and water C. combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen D. combine the hydrogen with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
C
In bacteria, DNA will be found in ________. A. ribosomes B. a membrane-enclosed nucleus C. the nucleoid D. mitochondria
B
In plant cells, the middle lamella ________. A. prevents excessive uptake of water by plant cells B. glues adjacent cells together C. prevents dehydration of adjacent cells D. connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
D
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using differential centrifugation, which of the following will require the greatest speed to form pellets at the bottom of the tube? A. chloroplasts B. nuclei C. mitochondria D. ribosomes
C
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through ________. A. desmosomes B. plasmodesmata C. gap junctions D. tight junctions
B
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A. free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER B. components of the cytoskeleton C. cellulose fibers in the cell wall D. membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope
A
Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease? A.mitochondria B. lysosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following characteristics are common to all of these extracellular structures? A. They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. B. They are constructed of materials that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell for assembly. C. They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides. D. They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume.
D
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved ________. A. evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic archaeal cell in a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen—the anaerobic archaea evolved into chloroplasts C. endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into chloroplasts D. endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
B
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells? A. nuclear envelope B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. rough endoplasmic reticulum
C
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in ________. A. mitochondria B. chloroplasts C. nuclei D. lysosomes
A
Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? A.Cell 2, since it has the highest ratio of surface area to volume, which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. B. Cell 1, since it has the smallest volume and will not produce as much waste as the other cells. C. Cell 3, since it has the largest surface area, which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes efficiently. D. Cell 3, because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.
B
Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to ________. A. migrate by amoeboid movement B. separate chromosomes during cell division C. form cleavage furrows during cell division D. maintain the shape of the nucleus
D
What is a primary function of integrins? A. connecting intermediate filaments to microtubules involved in vesicular transport B. transmitting chemical signals from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane C. linking the primary and secondary cell walls in plants D. transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton
D
What is the explanation for how a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can achieve a resolution of about 0.2 nanometers, whereas a standard light microscope has a maximum resolution of about 200 nanometers? A. The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size. B. Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal. C. Glass lenses in light microscopes refract light, which reduces resolution. D. Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
A
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? A. It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. B. It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus. C. It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. D. It synthesizes secreted proteins.
B
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? A. bacterial cell B. phagocytic white blood cell C. muscle cell D. nerve cell
D
Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes? A. Archaea and Fungi B. Bacteria and Eukarya C. Bacteria and Protista D. Bacteria and Archaea
B
Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. ribosomes C. mitochondria D. chloroplasts
C
Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size? A. the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm B. the absence of a nucleus C. ratios of surface area to volume D. the volume of the endomembrane system
C
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A. Eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not. B. Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells. C. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. D. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not.
D
Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A. rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane B. Golgi → rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane C. rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → nucleus D. rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
C
Which of the following is the smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope A. microtubule B. ribosome C. mitochondrion D. virus
D
Which of the following macromolecules enter the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? A. phospholipids B. mRNA C. rRNA D. ribosomal proteins
B
Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? A. peroxisome B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosome D. mitochondrion
D
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A. The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is a static structure most resembling scaffolding used at construction sites. B. Although microtubules are common within a cell, actin filaments are rarely found outside of the nucleus. C. Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would have little effect on a cell's response to external stimuli. D. Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
D
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? A. The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. B. Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack rough endoplasmic reticulum. C. Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. D. Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
A
Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls? A. plasmodesmata B. gap junctions C. tight junctions D. desmosomes
A
Which of the following will have the greatest ratio of surface area to volume? A. A box that is 1×1×1. B. A box that is 1×1×2. C. A box that is 2×2×1. D. A box that is 2×2×2.
A
Which of the following would be most appropriate method to observe and measure the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell? A. transmission electron microscopy B. standard light microscopy C. scanning electron microscopy D. a hand lens (magnifying glass)
C
Which of the following would be most appropriate method to observe the three-dimensional structure and organization of microvilli on an intestinal cell? A. standard light microscopy B. transmission electron microscopy C. scanning electron microscopy D. a hand lens (magnifying glass
D
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A. peroxisome B. lysosome C. Golgi apparatus D. mitochondrion
A
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A. central vacuole B. lysosome C. chloroplast D. Golgi apparatus
D
Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? A. Golgi apparatus B. nuclear envelope C. plasma membrane D. chloroplast
B
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A. centriole B. mitochondrion C. central vacuole D. chloroplast
D
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system A. Golgi apparatus B. nuclear envelope C. plasma membrane D. chloroplast
C
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? A. nuclear envelope B. Golgi apparatus C.chloroplast D. plasma membrane
A
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A. Round the clay up into a sphere. B. Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C. Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. D. Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.
