AP Human Geography chapter 1-7
Spanglish
Combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans
counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Monotheism
The belief in and worship of only one God
Caste
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
Language Branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
Language Family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
Vulgar Latin
A form of Lain used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
Pidgin Language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Isolated Language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
Creole or Creolized language
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Extinct Language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
Branch
A large and fundamental division within a religion
Hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
Universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
Autonomous religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
Ethnic religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Franglais
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; A combination of "francais" and "anglais", the French words for " French" and "English" respectively.
Solstice
An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year.
intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god.
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
ethnic cleansing
process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous group
blockbusting
process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices for fear that a black will move in
sect
relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
habit
repetitive act performed by a particular individual
taboo
restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom
multinational state
state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
nation-state
state who territories correspond to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Dependency ratio
the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Demographic transition
the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher population
mobility
the quality of moving freely
Agricultural density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Agricultural revolution
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Crude death rate (CDR):
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude birth rate (CBR)
the total number of live births in year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
guest worker
workers who migrate to more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs
sharecropper
works fields rented from land owner and pays rent by giving share of crops
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation.
Parallel
A circle drawn Around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the Meridians.
Transnational Corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Literary Tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken
Environmental Determinism
A nineteenth- and early twentieth- century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Bilingual
Able to speak two languages fluently
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Cultural Landscape
Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring the distance north and south of the equator.
Census
a complete enumeration of a population
Zero population growth (ZPG)
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Industrial revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that are transformed the process of manufacturing goods
balkanized
describes small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable states because of ethnic animosity
Pandemic
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Epidemiologic transition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
migration transition
change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
terrior
contribution of locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
push factors
factors that induce people to leave old residences
pull factors
factors that induce people to move to a new location
pagan
follower of polytheistic religion in ancient times
migration
form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
custom
frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act
race
identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor (ex. black, white, color)
quotas
in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
net migration
the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
Sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in the population
Overpopulation
the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of area of arable land suitable for agriculture
Natural increase rate (NIR)
the percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate-the crude death rate
Ecumene
the portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
Arithmetic density
the total number of people who divided by the total land area
balkanization
process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnicities
emigration
migration from a location
multiethnic state
state that contains more than one ethnicity
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
circulation
short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
forced migration
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Map
A two dimensional or flat representation of Earths surface or a portion of it,
Ebonics
Dialect spoken by some African Americans
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of the object on the map and the actual size of the feature on Earth's surface.
Cultural Ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Space-time Compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate.
Cartography
The science of making maps.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
Hierarchal Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one person or node to another of power to other persons or places.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
Projection
The system used to transfer locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from man alternatives.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 longitude.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area,
Population pyramid
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Land Ordinance 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate the sale of land into settlers.
Principal Meridian
A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1875 to facilitate the surveying and numbering townships in the United States.
Mental Map
A representation of a portion of Earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Section
A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided the townships in the United Sates into 36 sections.
Township
A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of them.
Resource
A substance in the environment is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise point of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Regional (cultural land scape) studies
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South Poles.
International Date line
An arc that for the most part follows 180 longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it eastward the clock moves back 24 hours or one entire day.
Region
An area designated by a unique combination of trends or features.
Formal Region (Homogeneous Region)
An area in which everyone shares one or more distinct characteristics.
Functional Region (Nodal Region)
An area organized around a node or focal point.
Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Base Line
An east-west line designated under the land ordinance of 1875 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from the an area.
Polyglot
Multilingual person or state (country); Able to speak many languages fluently
Connections
Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a groups distinct tradition.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
Uneven Development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core an peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
Situation
The location of a place relative to another place.
Prime Meridian
The meridian designated as 0 longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring the distance east and south of the prime meridian.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Site
The physical location of a place.
Location
The position of anything on Earth's surface.
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
Medical revolution
medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives
refugee
people who are forced to migrate from thier home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of thier race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political opinion
unauthorized migration
people who enter a country without proper documents
international migration
permanent movement from one country to another
voluntary migration
permanent movement undertaken by choice
internal migration
permanent movement within a particular country
intraregional migration
permanent movement within one region of country
racist
person who subscribes to beliefs of racism
Ghetto
During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or congregation).
British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
Standard language
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the movement for the conduct of business and publication of documents
Ideograms
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound as is the case with letters in English.
floodplain
area a subjects flooding during a given number of year according to historical trends
centripetal force
attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state, making it stronger.
racism
belief that race determines human traits and capacities and that racial differences make one race superior over another
denglish
combination german and english
self-determination
concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
popular culture
culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in order personal characteristics
folk culture
culture traditionally practiced by small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
triangular slave trade
efficient trading pattern used by Europeans in 1700s; slaves from Africa to Caribbean, molasses from Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa
ethnicity
identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (ex. Hispanic, African American, Asian American)
nationality
identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (ex. U.S. citizens)
apartheid
laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nationality (former colonies declared independence because of this)
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
immigration
migration to a new location
interregional migration
movement from one region of a country to another