AP Human Geography chapter 1-7

Spanglish

Combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans

counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Monotheism

The belief in and worship of only one God

Caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law.

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

Language Branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.

Language Family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

Vulgar Latin

A form of Lain used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

Pidgin Language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Isolated Language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

Creole or Creolized language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Extinct Language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Branch

A large and fundamental division within a religion

Hierarchical religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.

Universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Autonomous religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.

Ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Cosmogony

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

Language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Franglais

A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; A combination of "francais" and "anglais", the French words for " French" and "English" respectively.

Solstice

An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year.

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

Polytheism

Belief in or worship of more than one god.

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

ethnic cleansing

process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous group

blockbusting

process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices for fear that a black will move in

sect

relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

habit

repetitive act performed by a particular individual

taboo

restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom

multinational state

state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

nation-state

state who territories correspond to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Dependency ratio

the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Demographic transition

the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher population

mobility

the quality of moving freely

Agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

Agricultural revolution

the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Crude death rate (CDR):

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude birth rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

guest worker

workers who migrate to more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs

sharecropper

works fields rented from land owner and pays rent by giving share of crops

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation.

Parallel

A circle drawn Around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the Meridians.

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Literary Tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

Environmental Determinism

A nineteenth- and early twentieth- century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Bilingual

Able to speak two languages fluently

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Cultural Landscape

Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

Latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring the distance north and south of the equator.

Census

a complete enumeration of a population

Zero population growth (ZPG)

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

Industrial revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that are transformed the process of manufacturing goods

balkanized

describes small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable states because of ethnic animosity

Pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Epidemiologic transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

migration transition

change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

terrior

contribution of locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

push factors

factors that induce people to leave old residences

pull factors

factors that induce people to move to a new location

pagan

follower of polytheistic religion in ancient times

migration

form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

custom

frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

race

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor (ex. black, white, color)

quotas

in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

net migration

the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

Sex ratio

the number of males per 100 females in the population

Overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land suitable for agriculture

Natural increase rate (NIR)

the percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate-the crude death rate

Ecumene

the portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

Arithmetic density

the total number of people who divided by the total land area

balkanization

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnicities

emigration

migration from a location

multiethnic state

state that contains more than one ethnicity

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

circulation

short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

forced migration

permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

Map

A two dimensional or flat representation of Earths surface or a portion of it,

Ebonics

Dialect spoken by some African Americans

Scale

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of the object on the map and the actual size of the feature on Earth's surface.

Cultural Ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Space-time Compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Cartography

The science of making maps.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Hierarchal Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend from one person or node to another of power to other persons or places.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

Projection

The system used to transfer locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from man alternatives.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 longitude.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area,

Population pyramid

a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Land Ordinance 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate the sale of land into settlers.

Principal Meridian

A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1875 to facilitate the surveying and numbering townships in the United States.

Mental Map

A representation of a portion of Earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Section

A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided the townships in the United Sates into 36 sections.

Township

A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of them.

Resource

A substance in the environment is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise point of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Regional (cultural land scape) studies

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.

Meridian

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South Poles.

International Date line

An arc that for the most part follows 180 longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it eastward the clock moves back 24 hours or one entire day.

Region

An area designated by a unique combination of trends or features.

Formal Region (Homogeneous Region)

An area in which everyone shares one or more distinct characteristics.

Functional Region (Nodal Region)

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Base Line

An east-west line designated under the land ordinance of 1875 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

Polder

Land created by the Dutch by draining water from the an area.

Polyglot

Multilingual person or state (country); Able to speak many languages fluently

Connections

Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space.

Culture

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a groups distinct tradition.

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

Uneven Development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core an peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

Situation

The location of a place relative to another place.

Prime Meridian

The meridian designated as 0 longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England.

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Longitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring the distance east and south of the prime meridian.

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

Site

The physical location of a place.

Location

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Medical revolution

medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

refugee

people who are forced to migrate from thier home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of thier race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political opinion

unauthorized migration

people who enter a country without proper documents

international migration

permanent movement from one country to another

voluntary migration

permanent movement undertaken by choice

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of country

racist

person who subscribes to beliefs of racism

Ghetto

During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or congregation).

British Received Pronunciation (BRP)

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

Standard language

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

Official Language

The language adopted for use by the movement for the conduct of business and publication of documents

Ideograms

The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound as is the case with letters in English.

floodplain

area a subjects flooding during a given number of year according to historical trends

centripetal force

attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state, making it stronger.

racism

belief that race determines human traits and capacities and that racial differences make one race superior over another

denglish

combination german and english

self-determination

concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

popular culture

culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in order personal characteristics

folk culture

culture traditionally practiced by small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

triangular slave trade

efficient trading pattern used by Europeans in 1700s; slaves from Africa to Caribbean, molasses from Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (ex. Hispanic, African American, Asian American)

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (ex. U.S. citizens)

apartheid

laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality (former colonies declared independence because of this)

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

immigration

migration to a new location

interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another