AP Human Geography Chapter 5

Where French and Spanish are Dominant in Canada and the US

*largest percentage of Spanish speakers in the US are in the SW and Florida *French speaking population of France is concentrated in the province of Quebec

Extinct Languages (Hebrew, Indigenous) (KI4)

A language that was once spoken by people on a daily basis but in no longer in use. These can include languages of the Native Americans and other indigenous languages that could be or may have been wiped out as a result of mass communication, assimilation, and langua franca.

Romantic Branch (KI2)

All Romantic languages are deprived from Latin. The four most widely spoken are Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Italian. The fifth is Romanian. Most of these languages evolved due to their intervening obstacles that caused little outside communication until modern times. Areas such as Andorra, have created a mix of languages to have their own. Same goes for Sanitarian (Italian, Spanish, and Arabic.

Germanic Branch of Indo-European (KI2)

Germanic languages can be broken up into 2 subgroups which include West Germanic (which includes English and German) and North Germanic (which holds Scandinavian languages). West Germanic can further be broken into Low Germanic (which includes English, Dutch, and Flemish) and High Germanic (which includes German).

Korean (KI1)

Korean, while in the region of Sino-Tibetan languages, evolved with a system of letters representing sounds known as hunkul rather than logograms. Most of their words are deprived from Chinese.

Kurgan v. Anatolian Hearth (KI2)

The Kurgan Nomadic Warrior theory states that the first Indo-European speakers were the Kurgan people from the borders of Russia and Kazakhstan. These were a nomadic people known fr domesticating horses and cattle. The Anatolian or Sedentary Farmer Theory says that the first Indo-European speakers are from present-day Turkey, and originated nearly 2000 years before the Kurgans. They say that the language then diffused in regions along with agricultural innovations west into Europe and East into Africa.

Niger-Congo (KI1)

The most expansive African language family, making up nearly 95% of speakers there. The most popular Niger-Congo language is Swahili, which often functions as an official language (Tanzania) and a lingua franca for trade. In rural villages, most use their native languages.

Vulgar Latin (KI2)

a form of Latin used in daily conversations by the ancient Romans, as opposed to standard dialect, which was used on official documents.

Creole Language (KI3)

a full language that has developed from a pidgin language (mixture of two or more language)

Isolated Languages (Icelandic, Basque) (KI4)

a language that is unrelated to any other languages and is therefore not attached to any language family. This is usually due to intervening obstacles.

Standard Language (KI3)

a language that is well established and widely accepted by the govern't. businesses, education, and mass communication.

Pidgin Language (KI4)

simplified mixtures of two or more languages (ex. Hawaiian, Jamaican)

Logograms/Ideograms (KI1)

symbols that represent words rather than sounds in a language. In other words, books use thousands of logograms.

Franglais/Spanglish/ Denglais (KI4)

the Creole languages of French, Spanish, and German all diffused with English words. For ex., in French the word jeans have been accepted into the language, while in German, it's accepted to say happy birthday to someone in English.

Received Pronunciation (KI3)

the dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered the standard for the UK.

Dialect (KI3)

the differences in an accent, grammar, and vocabulary among different versions of a language. *refers to differences in pronunciation only*

Sino-Tibetan (KI1)

the language family that encompasses most of the languages within China and several countries in SE Asia. These languages include Mandarin and Cantonese (both Sinitic). This includes the most largely spoken language in the world (Mandarin).

Lingua Franca (KI4)

the language that is mutually understood and commonly used in trade by the people who have different native languages. For ex., English is internationally used, in E. Africa, it's Swahili; in S. Asia, it's Hindi, and Russian in the areas of the old USSR.

Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European (KI2)

this branch can be broken into two groups: the Indic (Eastern) group and the Iranian (Western) group. In the Indic group, the most widely used languages of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are in this family, like Hindi, Bengali and Panjabi. Hindi is spoken in a variety of ways, but written in only one way (Devanagari). In the Iranian group, this includes languages written in the Arabic alphabet, like Farsi, Kurdish, and Pashto.

Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European (KI2)

this is also broken into two groups: East Slavic and Baltic groups and West Slavic and Baltic groups. In the East, the most spoken language is Russian, which was often taught as a second language for its international importance and cultural importance in Eastern Europe. Other popular languages in the East branch includes Ukrainian and Belorussian. In the West, the most spoken languages are Polish, Slovak, and Czech.