AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY POPULATION UNIT TEST
site and situation
2 ways to refer to place are its _____
society was on a path towards starvation, population would grow steadily faster than food production
Describe Malthusian Theory
Age-sex composition graph (population pyramid)
One of the most useful tools to study population is the ____
smaller geographic areas
Pyramids with atypical shapes often represent ____ where local age-sex differences are more pronounced
space
Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects (the area between 2 or more phenomena or things)
time-space compression
Social networks, blogs, websites and the entirety of the Internet help contribute to ____
relative location
The position of a place in relation to another place
Distance decay
This is an example of ___
Dependency ratio calculation
This shows what
True
True or False? Egypts high physiological density suggests a need for greater crop yields or for other food sources
true
True or False? Geographers look for patterns in the distribution of phenomena across space that gives clues about causes or effects of the distribution
true
True or False? High population density can cause issues for the environment
True
True or False? Population density has increased significantly. However, population distribution has not.
true
True or False? RNI tends to be less than 1.0% in more developed countries and greater than 1.0% in less developed countries
true
True or False? TFR more accurately reflects cultural norms such as how people weigh the costs and benefits of having a child a how people perceive the role of women in soviet. CBR is simpler to calculate and clearly reflects the total population change within a country
true
True or False? population pyramid can provide information on birth rates, death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development, give evidence of past events
true
True or False? regions of the world where it is difficult for humans to live typically have low population numbers and densities, these include mountainous areas, deserts, and high latitude/cold climates where agriculture is challenging
true
True or false?common distribution patterns are clustered, linear, dispersed, circular, geometric, or random
2
What dtm stage is represented
3
What dtm stage is represented
4
What dtm stage is represented
5
What dtm stage is represented
space
What is this an example of? when Dustin is studying the languages humans speak, he might look at America or he might compare residents of Texas to residents of Nevada or Massachusetts
3
What stage of the dtm if represented
1
What stage of the dtm is represented
2
What stage of the dtm is represented
4
What stage of the dtm is represented
5
What stage of the dtm is represented
scale of analysis
____ allows geographers to look at the local, regional, country, or global scale
distance
____ can be measured in terms of absolute or relative distance
space
____ is at the heart of geography
patterns
____ refers to the general arrangement of things being studied
possibilism
____ views humans as having more power and influence over their circumstances than the environment
regions
_____ have boundaries, unifying characteristics, cover space, and are created by people
geographic/relative scale
_____ refers to the area of the world being studied
developed countries
______ have lower agricultural population densities than less develop countries because farmers have resources and technologies to produce large quantities of food with few workers
echo
a bulge represents mostly children of baby boomers and is an ____ of the older and larger baby boom generation.
region
a group of places in the same area that share a characteristic form a ____
distance decay
a phenomenon observed between locations or populations - the further apart they are, the less likely it is that they will interact very much
placelessness
a place that inspires no strong emotional ties in people or lacks uniqueness
sustainable policy
a policy that encourages companies to increase the use of renewable sources and decrease the use of non renewable fossil fuels would be an example of a
baby bust
a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.
possibilism
a view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays
cultural landscape
anything built by humans is part of the ____ and is in the realm of land use
densely settled
areas with high population densities are referred to as ____
sparsely settled
areas with low population densities are referred to as ____
place
bridges houses, and parks are an example of what
site
can be described as the characteristics at the immediate location
zooming in and out in order to develop a more complete understanding of the topics being studied
changing scale of analysis involves studying phenomena by ____
compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
describe agricultural population density
calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area
describe arithmetic population density
suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed. argued that as population increases, more pressure is placed on the existing agricultural system, which stimulates invention resulting in more food production
describe boserup theory
most people live here than high altitude areas. typically have better soils for raising crops than do upland or high altitude areas. often close to oceans which keeps the land warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer
describe low-lying areas
most people live here, regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator. These areas have more moderate climates and better soils that do regions at higher or lower latitudes.
describe midlatitudes
calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land
describe physiological population density
birth rates: high but fluctuating as need for farm labor changes death rate: high but fluctuating to select diseases and poor sanitation natural increase: 0 to 0.5% population change: very low growth cuz birth and death rates are high population structure: very young examples: scattered isolated groups economy and society: subsistence agriculture and hunter gathering
describe stage 1 of DTM
description: parasitic or infectious diseases, accidents,animal attacks, or human conflicts cause most deaths. food insecurity makes famine more common and devastating effect on pop: high death rate and low life expectancy
describe stage 1 of the ETM (diseases and famine)
birth rates: high but fluctuating to reflect desires for families death rate: rapidly declining as nutrition, sanitation. and medicine improve natural increase: 0.5 to 4% population change: rapid growth as death rates fall faster than birth rates population structure: very young examples: Mali, South Sudan economy/society: rural agriculture society, less developed
describe stage 2 of the DTM
description: the # of pandemics declines as a result of improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine effect on pop: decreasing death rate and increasing life expectancy
describe stage 2 of the ETM (receding pandemics)
birth rates: declining as urbanization decreases the need for child labor death rate: declining but not as fast as stage 2 natural increase: 4 to 0.8% population change: rapid but slowing growth as birth rates decline population structure: young, with rising life expectancy examples: Mexico, turkey, indonesia economy and society: large movement of people from farms to cities, emerging/industrializing economies
describe stage 3 of the DTM
description: infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging increases as people live longer effect on pop: death rate stabilizes at a low level and life expectancy increases
describe stage 3 of the ETM ( degenerative and human created diseases)
birth rate: low but enough to keep population stable death rate: low and stable natural increase: 0.8 to 0% population change: very low growth cuz birth and death rates are low population structure: balanced, with more aging examples: U.S, China economy/society: urbanized service economy, highly developed, rising gender equity
describe stage 4 of the DTM
description: an extension of stage 3, but age-related diseases are put off as medical procedures delay the onset of these diseases through advanced procedures, diseases such as Alzheimer's and dementia increase effect on pip: death rate reaches its lowest level and life expectancy reaches a peak
describe stage 4 of the ETM ( delayed degenerative diseases)
description: infectious and parasitic diseases increases as some bacteria and parasites become resistance to antibiotics and vaccines effect on pop: life expectancy decreases
describe stage 5 of he ETM (reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases)
birth rate: so low it falls below death rate death rate: low, sometimes increasing as population ages natural increase: 0% to -1% population change: very low decline as births fall before deaths population structure: very old examples: Japan and germany economy/society: urbanized service economy, highly developed
describe stage 5 of the DTM
that people in some climates were superior to those of other climates
describe the theory that was made in the 19th and early 20th century using environmental determinism
wars, migration, and government policies
differences in gender balance can result from ___
site
examples of _____ are soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures
Miami Beach, Pensacola Beach
examples of toponyms are _____
Epidemiological Transition Model
explains the changing death rates and more causes of death within societies
total fertility rate
focuses on women in their child bearing years (15-49), the average # of children who would be born per women of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her child bearing years
20 and 8 and 1.2%
for the entire world, the CBR is abt ____ and the CDR is apt ____ and the RNI is ___
Uniform regions/homogeneous regions
formal regions are sometimes called ____
nodal regions
functional regions can also be called ____
formal, functional, perceptual
geographers classify regions into 3 basic types which are ____
Demographic Transition Model
geographers use the _____ to measure and predict population change over time and to describe the future population of a region of any scale
relative scale
geographic scale is sometimes called ___
overpopulation
having more people than a region can support
(CBR- CDR)/ 10 and then add a percentage sign
how do u calculate the rate of natural increase
by comparing the area's population to its size and is expressed in the # of people per square mile or square kilometer
how is population density calculated
location
identifies where specific phenomena are located either on a grid system or relative to another location
growing
if a population pyramid has a wide base and tapers upward, the region's population is _____. the wide base indicates a large percentage of children compared to adults and older people
distance decay
if you live in a rural area, it's unlikely that you travel to a bigger city 100 miles even if it offers bigger and better goods and services. this is an example of ____
natural resource
includes items that occur in the natural environment that people can use
friction of distance
indicates that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less connected
time-space compression
is the shrinking "time-distance", or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication
absolute location
its exact place on Earth, often given in terms of latitude and longitude
arable land
land suitable for growing crops
tropics
lower population densities are also found in the ____ where disease is more prevalent and poor soils make farming difficult.
Spatial Association
matching patterns of distribution is called ____ and indicated that 2 or more phenomena may be related or associated with one another
crude death rate
number of deaths per 1,000 population.
male
on a population pyramid, what gender is displayed on the left
Younger dependents
people ages 0-14 are known as ____
economically active
people ages 15-64 are known as
older dependents
people ages 65-100 plus are known as ...
toponym
place name, provides insights into the physical geography,history, and culture of the location
antinatalist policies
policies attempted to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries
pronatalist policies
programs designed to increase fertility rate
spatial interaction
refers to the contact, movement, and flow of things between locations
infrstructure
refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities
situation
refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places
flow
refers to the patterns and movement of ideas,people,products,and other phenomena
place
refers to the specific human and physical characteristics of a location
sub regions
regions divided into smaller areas
Perceptual (vernacular) region
regions that are defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them
Functional Regions
regions that are organized around a focal point and are defined by an activity, usually political, social, or economic, that occurs across the region. regions that are united by networks of communication,Transportation, and other interactions
formal regions
regions that are united by one or more traits (political, physical, cultural, and economic)
sustainability
relates to trying to use resources now in ways that allow their use in the future while minimizing negative impacts on the environment
Non-renewable resources
resources that are limited and can be exhausted by human uses such as oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy
location,distance,direction,orientation,flow, pattern, and interconnection
spatial approach focuses on ____
the movements of people and things, changes in places over time, human perceptions of space and place
spatial approach looks at elements such as ___
infant mortality rate
the # of children who died before their 1st birthday
crude birth rate
the # of live births per year for each 1,000 people
carrying capacity
the # of people a region can support without significant environmental deterioration
rate of natural increase
the % at which a country population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration
Physiological Population Density
the ____ is a much more useful measure to determine a regions carrying capacity
the level of development of a country
the _____ may influence whether a group of people can gain access to the resources within their borders because they lack the technological tools are finances to acquire and utilize the resources
Spatial Approach
the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth (studies the geographical way events are mapped out)
life expectancy
the average # of years people live
environmental determinism
the belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development while ignoring the influence of culture is called ____
Human Environment Interaction
the connection and exchange between humans and the natural world is called ____
sense of place
the emotions someone attaches to an area based on their experiences
social stratification
the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and ethnicity
spatial interaction
the increasing connection between places is reflected in the growth of _____
composition
the makeup of ages and sexes in a population is known as its _____
population distribution
the measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. measures how crowded a place is
subtracting the # of deaths from the # of births
the natural increase or natural decrease of a population is measured by ____
population density
the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth. ( an average # of people overall in an area)
built environment
the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form a part of the landscape in their understanding of land use
birth deficit
the slowdown of births is called ___
land use
the study of how land is utilized,modified, and organized by people is the essence of ____
cohorts
the vertical axis on a population pyramid shows age groups known as ___
distribution
the way a phenomenon is spread out or arranged over an area to describe patterns
renewable resource
unlimited resources such as solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the earth (geothermal), plant materials (biomass), waves that will not be depleted based on use by people
air, water, oil, fish, soil, and minerals
what are examples of natural resources
Arithmetic, physiological, agricultural
what are the 3 different types of population density
Global: entire world World Regional: multiple countries of the world ( South Asia) National: One country National Regional: a portion of a country or a region (s) within a country (midwest, eastern china) Local: a province,state,city,country, or neighborhood
what are the different scales on the scale of analysis
adjustments to boundaries every 10 years based on census data to maintain similar numbers of voters per district
what does the constitution require because of changes in population distribution and density
the flow of some phenomenon across the networks that unite the region, whether the flow is visible or invisible
what is a necessary part of any functional region
global forces are influencing culture everywhere and reducing local diversity more than ever
what is a result of time-space compression
population doubling time can be calculated using this, 70 divided by the growth rate per year assuming that growth rate is constant
what is the rule of 70
situation
what is this an example of? San Francisco being a port of entry on the Pacific coast, adjacent to California's productive agricultural land
location
what is this an example of? the Empire State Building is located at 40.7 degrees north (latitude), 74 degrees west (longitude)
spatial association
what is this an example of? the distribution of malaria matches with the distribution of the mosquito that carries it
pizza delivery areas, the pizza shop is the nude
what's an example of a functional region
baby boom
when birth rates spikes
aggregation
when geographers organize data into different scales such as by census tract,city,county, or country
densely populated
when many people live in an area compared with another similar-sized area
indicates that a small percentage of a region's land is capable of growing crops
when there's a large difference between the arithmetic and physiological densities, what does it indicate
people that agree with Malthus and argue that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future
who are Neo-malthusians
abdel omran
who founded the epidemiological transition model
as population increased, the amount of suitable land stayed about the same, so people chose to live in greater densities on that same land
why have people chosen to live in the same areas of the world throughout history, even if they are the most crowded?
food production increased dramatically faster than he predicted, he did not live to see the dramatic improvements in agricultural technologies, also population didn't grow steadily since fertility rates have dropped
why was Malthus incorrect
