AP Period 1 Review

How did the markets in Europe influence the the development of botany and agriculture?

Europeans traveled to American to discover new medicines, so the cataloging of new plants led to the emergence of the science of botany

How did the proximity to natural resources determine social position in the West?

-In resource rich areas, they are sedentary, and there is more population which created more groups and connections between groups, and specialization of labor -In areas with sparse-natural resources, they were more nomadic and were less connected to other groups

How did the introduction of agriculture affect the religious practices of the ancient southwestern Native Americans?

-they believed that farming was a more sustainable way to ensure the society's sustenance than hunting and gathering -there was a lot of natural disaster which ended up decimating their crops and their irrigation systems -this led them to hold spiritual ceremonies, praying to their gods for a good harvest and good weather -these ceremonies brought together lots of people to create larger religious communities

Conquistadores

16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires, introducing horses to the Plains Indians

Three-sister Farming

A highly efficient form of agriculture coined by the Iroquois people that was used by Northeastern Indians where planting corn, squash, and beans close together would cause the plants to thrive

Did the Spanish succeed in suppressing Pueblo culture? Why or why not?

After the Pueblo Revolt, the Pueblo reestablished their religious institutions and a government of their own for the next 12 years of independence -but, as droughts and attacks by rival tribes continued, the Spanish eventually returned and reasserted control of the area

Why do you think some Native Americans organized in larger groups or villages, while other operated in small bands?

Agrarian groups organized in larger groups or villages, while hunting-agrarian groups operated in small bands so they could hunt and travel together

How did agriculture contribute to the condensing of native people in the Northeast?

As the northeast became more agriculture, the region became more urbanized, and the farming industry required lots of people to begin to live together and create more fortified villages to protect their harvest, and lived in longhouses

What role did the Atlantic slave trade play within European competition during the colonial era?

Due to colonization in the New World, countries wanted to engage in the African Slave Trade so that they could more successfully build up their colonies through plantations

Why do you think the agricultural success of many in Mississippian culture lead to high economic inequality? Explain the process by which wealth was concentrated at the top.

In Mississippian culture, more agriculture meant more wealth, which meant that not a lot of people were super wealthy, and became the working class and labor force -the agricultural success of many in this culture lead to high economic inequality because their culture was very hierarchical

How do different living structures across the Plain reflect the cultural practices of Native Americans?

In more agrarian societies, they set up larger societal networks and more sedentary bases in earth lodges -as they became more focused on hunting, they became more nomadic, with organized and mission-aligned societies, living in teepees

When did hunters and gatherers live nomadically in the western regions? When did they establish villages? Why?

Indians who were in resource-rich areas would live in more permanent and established villages, while Indians in areas with less sustainability of the food source would live in compact, easy-to-build, and easy-to-move villages made of wood, leaves and brush so that they could move to areas where resources are better if needed

How did the Columbian Exchange shift cultural norms of Native Americans? Of European colonizers?

Many Native Americans used horses brought to the New World by Columbus to transform their hunting and gathering into a highly mobile practice -Native Americans traded tobacco with the Europeans which later became the first truly global commodity

How did the Christian church dictate future European colonization projects?

One of the motives for European exploration and colonization was the need to spread religion believes, especially Catholicism

How did the Christian Church affect political, economic, and social life of the Middle Ages?

Politically, the Pope had more power than the monarch, since he controlled whether people were sent to heaven or not -Latin, the language of the Church, served as a unifying factor for a continent of isolated regions -the feudal system relied on the sanctity and fervor of religion to keep serfs tied to their lord, since serfs went to the Pope to interpret the Bible for them, since most were illiterate

Pope's Rebellion/The Pueblo Revolt

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

How did religion, natural resources, and location each determine the prosperity of African societies?

Religiously, only if you were converted to Islam, you could rule or be engaged in trade -if you were located in an area where a lot of traders passed by, you could prosper by taxing them -gold became the pinnacle of wealth in the 14th century

Compare and contrast Northeastern (Hopewellian) and Southeastern (Mississippian) culture

Same: -both were excellent farmers and harvested some of the same crops -both hunted and gathered along with farmed -both made intricate pottery -both built mounds for ceremonial purposes -both had villages Different: -northeastern made baskets to help with the farming process -southeastern made arrow points to hunt larger animals -southeastern had larger and more complex mounds -southeastern had more trade networks -southeastern villages formed political units -southeastern organized villages around chiefdoms

How was serfdom similar to African slavery? How was it different?

Serfs were rented land by the lords, and although they were technically free, they were bound to the land they worked -similar to slavery it that they were bound, and were exposed to horrible diseases and bad conditions -different from slavery because serfs were still considered free, and people

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed by Spain and Portugal dividing the territories of the New World -Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americans, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize those Indians

How did the environment of the Americas suffer from European contact? How did it benefit?

Suffer: -overhunting of beaver by the Europeans led to the loss of beaver ponds which had served as habitats for fish and water sources for animals -Europeans introduced pigs which consumed the food that native species depended on -Europeans introduced the idea of private property which limited the seasonal move of Native Americans -new microbes Benefit: -Columbus brought sugar cane, herbs, flowers, seed, and roots to the Americans that made new medicines

Explain the connection between the Atlantic slave trade and the Columbian Exchange.

The Atlantic slave trade was connected to the Columbian Exchange because, slaves were brought to the Americas, then sugar, tobacco, and cotton were exported to Europe, and Textiles, rum and manufactured goods were exported to Africa

Explain the relationship between religion, commerce, and conquest at the beginning of European exploration and colonization.

The Crusades led to increased maritime trade between East and Western Europe, which created new markets for merchants -this led to Europeans wanting to find more wealthy and exotic areas such as the Spice Islands in Indonesia -in order to do this, after finding out the world was round, European powers began to find a new route to Asia

How did the Crusades influence European colonization projects?

The Crusades led to the Reconquista (reconquest) and together established religious intolerance, which led to the Christians looking to colonized as a means of continuing religious conquests

How does the Iroquois League resemble the US? What is different and what is the same?

The Iroquois League was created to devise a solution to intertribal violence, and was similar to the US in that it was the first American democracy, as it put forth republican principles, and dual system of federalism -It was different from the US in that the US does not limit the federal government and our democracy to just trade and diplomacy, we have more checks and balances, and he have an actual written constitution

How did the Ancestral Pueblos urbanize the southwest region? How did that compare to the American Indians in the northwest region?

The ancestral pueblos (southwest Indians) were more sedentary and lived in stone and adobe houses. -they created hundreds of miles of roads that connected to other villages in the region On the other hand, the southwest Indians (Navajo and Apache) were nomadic, because they hunted and gathered, and made less permanent houses out of mud and bark -didn't urbanize their region

Why did Spanish missionaries persecute the Pueblos and suppress their religious customs?

The development of these Spanish missionaries required native Pueblo people to discard their own religious practices

Why did Native American communities in the Northeast construct mounds?

The mounds were built to bury deceased, and were used for ceremonial purposes due to the intertribal violence that intensified due to competition between the Iroquois and Algonquians that was intensified by trading success

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops and diseases between New and Old world societies after 1492 -slaves were brought to the Americas, then sugar, tobacco, and cotton were exported to Europe, and Textiles, rum and manufactured goods were exported to Africa

How did the Pueblo uprising contribute to the formation of a new ethnic identity in the Southwest?

The uprising lead to the combination of religious cultures of the Pueblos and the Spanish, a decrease in labor demands, and intermarriage between the Pueblo and the Spanish

How did trade influence large Mississippian societies like Cahokia or Poverty Point?

Trade led Cahokia to become the major urban trade center along the Mississippi River, and it led to Poverty Point linking trade networks throughout America.

How did the introduction of horses change Native American life? (Plains Indians)

When horses became available, Plains Indians gave up agriculture to become nomadic buffalo-hunters -society became less egalitarian, as men with the most horses had the most political impact, social status, and economic power -resources were no longer shared between tribes, leading to intertribal conflict, where tribes would steal horses in order for economic gain -this conflict began a pattern of violence between the Native Americans and the colonists