AP Psych 9wks Study Guide

The 130-decibel of sound of a rack band is ________ times louder than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train.

1000

Which of the following is the best example of framing

A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contain 25 percent artificial ingredients.

Who would have been LEAST enthusiastic about relying on eugenics for the improvement of human intellectual functioning?

Alfred Binet

New research has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life:

Alzheimer's disease

Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. This fact would most directly challenge:

Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determinism

According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Cannon-Bard theory

Of the following, who would be most interested in the fact that many cultures share stories containing a "hero" character, such as King Arthur of Great Britain, Quetzlcoatl of the Aztec, and Hercules of the Ancient Greek?

Carl Jung

Alcohol is considered a

Depressant

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend, "When you notice that your knees knock, your hands sweat, and your stomach is in knots, then you really get scared." This statement best illustrates the

James-Lange theory

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?

John Locke

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

Overconfidence

Damage to left hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

Speak fluently

Wilhelm Wundt's early experiments were attempts to investigate which area of psychology?

The simplest mental processes

Your psychology teacher has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the _________ of the test

Validity

The first psychological laboratory was established by

Wilhelm Wundt

The surging rates of violent crime in Western nations are best understood in terms of

a biopsychosocial approach

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

a detachment from social relationships

Hypnotically age-regressed people

act as they believe children would, but outperform real children

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of

agoraphobia

Marked deficits in frontal lobe cognitive functions, such as planning and organization, are associated with

antisocial personality disorder

The distinctive older term "psychopath" refers to an individual with

antisocial personality disorder

An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods

are genetically predisposed

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

assuming correlation proves causation

Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlation study be more appropriate than an experiment?

because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition

We can more easily extinguish a fear of driving a car than a fear of holding snakes. This is best explained from a ________ perspective.

biological

A critical period is a phase during which

certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

Contemporary psychologist are LEAST likely to agree with Freud's belief that

conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called

conservation

When given a placebo that is said to relieve pain, we are likely to be soothed by the brain's release of

endorphins

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of _______ into the bloodstream

epinephrine and norepinephrine

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a

fMRI

Men and women students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their:

facial expressions of emotion

Formal operational thought is most similar to

fluid intelligence

In which of the following disorders is a person continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal?

generalized anxiety disorder

Brittla frequents only the most expensive clubs in an effort to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of

genetic predispositions

In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed

greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men

By dramatically reducing her daily caloric intake, Marilyn plans to reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 percent. Research suggests that after three or four weeks of sustained dieting, Marilyn will

have a lower resting metabolic rate

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who

have high self-esteem and are self-reliant

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a bobo doll

imitated the adult's actions

The relative lack of neural interconnections in the association areas at the time of birth is most likely to contribute to

infantile amnesia

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as

intelligence

Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him?

laboratory research

Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are

likely to be academically successful

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be

negative punishment

If you burn your finger, ___________transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system.

nociceptors

To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 typically bases diagnoses on chemical analyses of blood and urine

observable patterns of behavior

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

operant conditioning

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to _______ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ________

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ________ stage of development.

oral

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights that of driving an automobile

perceived control

The tendency to hear the steady drip of a leaky sink faucet as if it were a repeating rhythm of two or more beats best illustrates

perceptual organization

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a

person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called ______ disorders

personality

Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test, but she often does so on chemistry tests. She recently stole some merchandise from a local store, but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner. Walter Mischel would have suggested that this pattern of behavior should make psychologist more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of

personality traits

According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the_______ stage

phallic

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

pleasure

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants?

random assignment

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

reactions to sensory stimulation

Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that

regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users

Semantics refers to the

rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

North Americans born during the winter and spring months are at a slightly increased risk for

schizophrenia

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as the deepened male voice and male facial hair are called

secondary sex characteristics

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of

self-actualization

Mr. Carlson is a politician who credits his past election victories to his own effective communication and hard work; he attributes his past election losses to factors beyond his control. His assessments best illustrate

self-serving bias

When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ___________ at a certain synapses

serotonin

Kristen is a normal, healthy newborn. Research indicates that

she has most of the brain cells she is ever going to have

Rates of adolescences sexual intercourse are

similar in Western Europe and Latin America

Elton responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" but when his son has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" The role of Elton's reactions in the gender-typing of his children would be of most direct interest to:

social learning theorists

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by the interneurons in the

spinal cord

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Supercell clusters are

teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face.

The improved judgement and impulse control that occurs as adolescents grow older is made possible by the development of

the frontal lobes

***Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings

the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the

two-factor theory

People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one. This best illustrates

unit bias

Martin is optimistic, impulsive, excitable, and restless. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, he would be classified as

unstable-extraverted

If warmly supportive parents are especially likely to have children with high self-esteem, this would most clearly indicate that

warmly supportive parenting and children's self-esteem are correlated

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

work persistently at difficult tasks