AP Psych- Chapter 14
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue"
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress
Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?
Birds of a feather flock together
Accepting others' opinions about reality is to __________ as the desire to gain approval is to ___________.
Informational social influence; normative social influence
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.
Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
Social exchange theory
Which of the following is true of violent male crimes?
They have relatively low levels if serotonin and high levels of testosterone
Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of
actions on attitudes
Conformity is best described as
adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard
Ostracism has been observed to intensify
aggression
Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates:
altruism
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people
are irresponsible and unmotivated
Central route persuasion is most likely when people
are naturally analytical
Prejudice is an _____; discrimination is a _______
attitude; behavior
Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called
attitudes
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
attribution theory
Alutruism is best described as
behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others
Attitudes are __________ that guide behavior
belief-based feelings
The three components of prejudice are
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action
The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
calculations of costs and benefits
Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates
central route persuasion
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.
cognitive dissonance
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
cognitive dissonance theory
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
companionate love
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as
companionate love
In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"
complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
conformity
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
Explicit attitudes are typically __________, whereas implicit attitudes are often____________.
conscious; unconscious
The enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their
culture
Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of
deindividuation
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shock to a learner for giving incorrect answers
Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their
dispositions or their situations
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
emergency is being observed by a number of other people
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more farmiliar
Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by
exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
foot-in-the-door penomenon
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.
frontal lobes
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
frustration
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval
Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.
genetic influences
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink
Attribution theory was designed to account for
how people explain others' behavior
The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
identity
People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
individualism
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
individuals share a similar opinion
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
informational social influence
Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Six-year-old Tucker believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Rachel believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
ingroup bias
Deindividuation refers to
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to
normative social influence
Tanaka hates to wear ties but wears one of his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Tanaka's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others
Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates
peripheral route persuasion
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
peripheral route persuasion
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between _____________ and liking.
proximity
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from:
reciprocity norm
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
role-playing on attitudes
Norms are best described as
rules for socially acceptable behavior
Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of
scapegoat theory
People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their
self-esteem
Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of _____________ tasks.
simple
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
situational attributions
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
social loafing
What branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
social pyschology
A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.
social scripts
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
social scripts
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes
Organisms often respond to _________ with a fight- or- flight reaction.
stress
Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.
testosterone
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
the amount of shock the victim actually recieved
Mrs. Bedelia fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as
the bystander effect
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates
the bystander effect
If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
Group polarization refers to
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with
the fight-or-flight reaction
The "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communist's made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
the fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
the fundamental attribution error
Ursula is restless during class because her teacher's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The teacher, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Ursula's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and teacher should be informed of the dangers of
the fundamental attribution error
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
the mere exposure effect
When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates:
the mere exposure effect
A social trap is a situation in which
the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people __________________ one another.
think about, influence, and relate to
Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often
unconcious
The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued