Biology Chapter 24

Which of the nodes represents a common ancestor of arthropods and fishes?

Organs; 3 germ layers; bilateral symmetry; cephalization

The diagram shows the cross section of a jellyfish polyp. Jellyfish, or jellies, are members of an invertebrate phylum, Cnidaria. The presence of only two germs layers (endoderm and ectoderm) is evidence of which type of body symmetry in jellyfish?

Radial symmetry

An animal society can offer a range of advantages to its member. Select the three examples that describe benefits of living in groups.

-A group of elks is more likely than a lone elk to notice an approaching predator -A flock of birds may share information about food sources and defend those resources. -Living in a pack improves wolves' ability to hunt, to protect their territory, and to guard their young

Select each statement that describes how an animal maintains homeostasis. Select three correct answers

-An animal uses its sensory organs and nervous system to gather information and then responds with the animal's musculoskeletal system. -An animal acquires oxygen with its respiratory system, which then interacts with the circulatory system to transport oxygen throughout the animal's body -An animal takes in food through the digestive system and the circulatory system distributes the digested organic molecules to all the cells in the animal's body

What information does this cladogram provide about the evolution of chordates?

-Chordate evolutionary trends include bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and development of a backbone. -All chordate phyla are most likely descended from a single ancestor

"A mass extinction occurred about 65 million years ago. The event caused many species to go extinct, including all of the dinosaurs. However, mammals survived the mass extinction, after which they diversified and filled newly-opened niches." Which evidence best supports the paragraph?

-Dinosaur fossils that are never younger than 65 million years -Fossils of diverse, large-bodied mammals that are never older than 65 million years

-Mitochondrial DNA analysis estimates that modern humans have a common African ancestor from about 150,000 to 200,000 years ago. -DNA of living humans displays very little genetic variation -Neanderthals were anatomically distinct from modern humans and appear to present an example of geographic isolation leading to speciation -Early H. sapiens in Africa shared a body plan with modern humans -Modern behavior occurred in African humans earlier than anywhere else. This included making of diverse, specialized tools, hunting and fishing, production of living structures and fireplaces, creation of elaborate art, and burials accompanied by rituals

-H. spaiens arose in one place in African about 200,00 years ago -H. spaiens migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago and replaced all other humans populations without interbreeding with them

At Laetoli, a site in Tanzania, a set of Australopithecus afarensis footprints has been dated to 3.5 million years ago. The footprints show that the species was bipedal, meaning individuals walked on two legs. Which activities did bipedalism allow human like hominids to do?

-Reach and carry food, make and use tools, and use hands for communication

Which characteristics demonstrate that sea anemones are animals and not plants?

-The organism depends on other organisms for nutrition; that is, they are prokaryotic -The organism does not have cell walls, rigid structures that provide support and protection

A diagram called a cladogram is constructed to represent the entire animal kingdom, including invertebrates and vertebrates. Which MUST be included in the cladogram?

A representation of the common ancestor of all animals

What has segmentation provided animals, and why it been important in animal evolution?

At least some internal and external body parts that repeat on each side of the body. Way genes control the production and growth of body segments.

During the evolution of animals, blank was accompanied by blank, which was the localization of a brain. Another development was blank such as eyes, at the blank end of the animal. Because this end of animal is often different from the rest of its body, it is called the blank. This development was advantageous to an animal's ability to engage in blank movement, to find food or mates, to avoid danger.

Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Sensory organs anterior head directed

Body hair is a derived character of the clade of mammals. Which statement can be concluded about the evolution of body hair?

Body hair evolved once in an ancient ancestor of mammals, and then was passed to all of its descendants.

What conclusion about primate evolution can be drawn from these data?

Chimpanzees are the most closely related to humans, then gorillas, and then orangutans

Which hominins made stone tools, were excellent hunters, and lived in the Europe and Asia about 200,000 years ago?

Homo neanderthalensis

What is the first hypothesis called?

Multiregional Hypothesis

Lancelets are small marine animals. They spend most of their buried in sand, with their heads sticking out, in order to filter small pieces of food from the water. Lancelets have a dorsal hollow blank. They have a blank that extends beyond the blank. A dorsal supporting rod, the blank lies just below the nerve cord. They also have blank that develops into gills in the adult lancelet. These characteristics of the lancelet are all features of blank.

Nerve cord tail anus pharyngeal pouches chordates

Under the microscope you observe the development of an unfamiliar embryo. You watch as a cell mass forms first, followed by the development of an embryonic stage called a gastrula. Next, it continues to develop into an elongated structure with a tube that runs from one end of the embryo to the other, with only one opening to the outside. If the mouth of the embryo develops from this opening, could the embryo develop into a starfish?

No, because echinoderms are radially symmetrical and their mouth also serves as the anus

What is the second hypothesis called?

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

What is the adaptive value of the moth's behavior?

The animals think the moth is an owl, so they become afraid of it.

Which of these events was most significant in the evolution of mammals?

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, which caused dinosaurs to go extinct

Animal behaivor includes innate behavior such as courtship behavior, which evolved through natural selection. This behavior ensures that members of the same species find each other and mate. Animal behavior also includes learned behavior. The simplest type of learning is Habitation, a process by which an animal decreases or stops responding to stimuli that neither reward nor harm it.

The most complicated form of learning is insight learning, or reasoning, which occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation. Classical conditioning form of learning in which a certain stimulus comes to produce a particular response, usually through association with a positive or negative experience. Operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way to receive a reward or to avoid punishment.

A. A male cheetah is spraying urine onto a tree to mark his territory B. Ants mark their trails with pheromones for other ants to follow and find food resources C. Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls depending on whether a leopard or an eagle is sighted D. Bird song has two main functions, to defend a territory and to attract a male E. Male fireflies produce a pattern of flashes to signal females of the same species F. Male bower birds clear an area and decorate it with items to attract females G. Dolphins often respond to another dolphin's whistle by whistling themselves or moving toward the whistler H. Humans have a system that combines sounds, symbols, and gestures according to rules about sequence and meaning such as grammar and syntax

Visual signals - V Chemical signals- C Sound signals- S Language- L A:C, B:C, C:S, D:S, E:V, F:V, G:S, H:L

Migration occurs on a seasonal/circadian cycle. In the US, about two-thirds of birds species fly north/south in the fall to areas where food is available during the southern/northern winter. The birds fly north/south again in spring to areas of seasonally abundant food, where they breed during summer. Another circadian/seasonal behavior is hibernation during northern summer/winter.

seasonal south northern north seasonal winter