Ap psych chapter 6 (fish face)
In operant conditioning extinction involves
Withholding reinforcement
Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if
You can control the environment all of the time
Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Through the process of______, the food is now acting as_____
Aversion conditioning conditioned stimulus
Kandel and Hawkins argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" — One involving simple motor responses and the other involving
Conscious processing
In operant conditioning behavioral changes is brought about by manipulation of
Consequences
_______ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where the CR no longer occurs in the presence of CS due to the absence of the USC
Extinction
If you use money to buy ham the money is a ____, wow the food is a _______
Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
As a marine biologist, you are trying to Teach a dolphin to jump over a bar first year award dauphin every time it swims near the bar
Shaping
_______ is a produce of changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal
Shaping
And Eye blink is an example of
A reflex
Much of B.F. Skinners early work was inspired by the "law of fact" which was created by
Edward Thorndike
Hey television producer who receives a monthly check is working of hoarding to a ______ schedule of reinforcement
Fixed interval
The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that _______ a response
Follow and strengthens
Which of the following is true of the difference between opera and classical conditioning
Food is present before the response in classical conditioning
_______ was a dietitian be training, during an experiment testing the salvation glands of dogs he discovered_____ conditioning
Pavlov; classical
Opera conditioning explains how new behaviors can be learned a while classical conditioning refers only to ______ behaviors
Reflexive
Using the premac principal, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should
Do something you enjoy
The cognitive you would argue that learning
Does not always change behavior but it always produce changes in mental activity
One of the best therapy strategies for illuminating conditioned fear involves combining _____ in a process known as ______, first described by Mary cover Jones.
Extinction and relaxation; counter conditioning
Jenna walks into her science class. Love oratory and she immediately feels queasy today's the day her class is dissecting frogs
Habituation
Studies of observational learning demonstrates that
Learning can occur in the absence of personal experience
Damage to neurons with in the ______ that use the transmitter _______ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward
Limbic system; dopamine
The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with
Long-term potentiation
If you salivate when your mother tells you about the lemon cake she is baking we can attribute no reaction to
Classical conditioning
The two main types of behavioral learning are
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Tolman found that The rats he ran through mazes has created ______ to help them find
Cognitive maps
Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimp
Come up with novel solutions to your problems using information they have used before
For little Albert, his fear of _____ was interpreted as an instance of
Conditioned fear
You are trying to eat a fewer sweets your friends taught you with their candy and even though you are not eating any candy when you see them eat your favorite treat "lemon heads"
Conditioned response
After acquisition for classical conditioning, the _______ how has the ability to elicit a response the resembles the UCR
Conditioned stimulus
In John Garcia's Study on taste Aversion towards coyotes, the goal was to create a situation in which sheep become the ______
Conditioned stimulus
After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. Cafeteria is the ______ and your stomach feeling woozy is the _______
Conditioned stimulus conditioned response
Professors who offer only a final exam grade for the entire semester grade are forgetting the operant conditioning principle that
Contingencies of reinforcement must occur with more frequency to motivate behavior
The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use
Continuous reinforcement
I want my dog Fuzzy to fetch the paper for me in the morning
Continuous; variable ratio
If you had an intense fear of high spaces and you were asked to climb to the top of a Hightower. As you Ascended you therapist told you to relax
Counter conditioning
A punisher _________ The probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ________ the probability of a response
Decreases; increases
For Palov, a tone is to food as
A conditioned stimulus is to an unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following is not an example of operant
A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat
The PreMac principle states that
A preferred activity that can be used to enforce a last preferred one
During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship when they have earned 10 stickers they may select they can you buy this represents an example of
A token economy
Negative punishment is something referred to as
Omission training
______ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?
Tolman
A(n)_____ refers to the behavior elected by the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
In the "little Albert" experiment the rat when presented with the loud noise was the _____ and that noise was the _____
Unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response
To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are now giving _____ during chemo therapy
Unusually flavored candles or ice cream
Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation while you are fishing you are working on a _________ schedule of reinforcement
Variable interval
Hey telemarketer who tries to sell as many magazine subscriptions as possible is working according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement
Variable ratio
learning always occurs as a result of
experience
The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are symptoms for
"Add" and "remove"
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as
Acquisition
The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves
Adding a stimulus
As discrimination tasks and unpleasant stimuli becomes increasingly more difficult we can expect
Agitation due to experimental neurosis
A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out as owner is thrilled and thinks that the dog is brilliant
All of the above
Which of the following is true about punishment
All of the above
The findings of Wolfgang Kohler oppose the statements of behaviorists because
Animals are going beyond simple reward/punishment behaviors
The operant chamber which has come to be known as A skinner box was designed so that
Animals could press a lever to receive food
Robert's dog, "fuzzy" runs to Robert when he says, "come".
Stimulus generalization
Punishment must be administered ______ in order to be effective
Immediately and consistently
Negative and positive reinforcements are similar in that these always ______ the likelihood of ensuing responses
Increase
A positive reinforcers seeks too _____ desired behavior. A negative reinforcers seeks to ____ desired behavior
Increase; increase
Robert Rescorla believes that the features of that conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its
Informativeness
Operate behaviors are different from those in classical conditioning, because it in classical conditioning the behaviors are
Involuntary
The Capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment
Involves the hippo campus
Negative reinforcement works best with the adverse stimulus
Is imposed by nature or impersonal conditions
The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that
It prevents they extension of the desired response
According to rescorla, we are most likely to pay attention to information that precedes the UCS only if
It provides unique information about the UCS
While walking down a dark alley you would jump at a loud noise this would not be considered learning because
Jumping is merely a reflex
When you start doing your own grocery shopping you notice that you often by the same brands that your mom bought when you lived at home rather than trying something new this can be a result of
Mere exposure effect
Research regarding The learning styles have found that
Most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category
An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that
Naturally elicits and effective behavior
When your alarm clock rings loudly until you turn it off, it is acting as a
Negative reinforcement
You are sitting in class when your professor holds up a large white feather
Neutral stimulus
Burt had never been afraid of spiders but at camp last summer he woke up and there was a spider on his face. For bar before the incident spiders had been a _____, after the incident spiders are a ______
Neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
In order for the UCS to cause a UCR, there must be
No learning
If Tyler is given and I allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores we should expect that he will
Not do many chores until just before allowance time
The fact that taste averstions_____ poses a problem for classical conditioning.
Part of our biological makeup
Most affected form of punishment always involves
Penalties such as loss of privileges
Insight learning involves
Perception of familiar objects in new forms of relationships
Food, sex and water are considered examples of
Primary reinforcers
Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining the heavier because such a reinforcement
Produces resistance to extinction
The key difference between a ratio and a interval schedule reinforcement is whether
Reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses
_______ are the consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors
Rewards and punishments
You see your brother come home after curfew and get around by your parents in, the future you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by
Social learning
B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to
Speculate about what happens inside an organism
If Pavlov's dogs had been adopted by a nice family after the experiment ended and they eventually stopped salivating to a bell
Spontaneous recovery
One of Pavlov's dogs had stock salivating at the sound of the town the next day the town was present again
Spontaneous recovery
Merideth is a expert of wine. In a find restaurant she orders a glass of San Margarita Pinot grigio. When the wind comes out she tasting claims she received something different. Merideth demonstrates
Stimulus discrimination
A serious problem with Watsons in Reyner's testing with little albert is the danger that
The fear response may generalized to other stimuli
Negative reinforcement involves
The removal of an aversive stimulus
In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building which of the following provides the best early information as whether there is a fire
The smell of smoke
The factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that
There can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS
Which of the following is not a key difference between operant and classical conditioning
They are based on the behaviorist theory
In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learned something was that
They salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them
A punisher is an aversive consequence that
Weakens the behavior it follows
In Bandura's class BoBo doll experiment, those children that saw aggressive models
Were more likely to be a violently towards the bobo doll
Which of the following would not be an example of learning
a new born infant & a teen anger falls asleep
As a result of Thorndike's work, we could expect that if Rebecca has learned calculus
it will have little effect on her ability to succeed in German history