Ap psych chapter 6 (fish face)

In operant conditioning extinction involves

Withholding reinforcement

Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if

You can control the environment all of the time

Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Through the process of______, the food is now acting as_____

Aversion conditioning conditioned stimulus

Kandel and Hawkins argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" — One involving simple motor responses and the other involving

Conscious processing

In operant conditioning behavioral changes is brought about by manipulation of

Consequences

_______ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where the CR no longer occurs in the presence of CS due to the absence of the USC

Extinction

If you use money to buy ham the money is a ____, wow the food is a _______

Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

As a marine biologist, you are trying to Teach a dolphin to jump over a bar first year award dauphin every time it swims near the bar

Shaping

_______ is a produce of changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal

Shaping

And Eye blink is an example of

A reflex

Much of B.F. Skinners early work was inspired by the "law of fact" which was created by

Edward Thorndike

Hey television producer who receives a monthly check is working of hoarding to a ______ schedule of reinforcement

Fixed interval

The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that _______ a response

Follow and strengthens

Which of the following is true of the difference between opera and classical conditioning

Food is present before the response in classical conditioning

_______ was a dietitian be training, during an experiment testing the salvation glands of dogs he discovered_____ conditioning

Pavlov; classical

Opera conditioning explains how new behaviors can be learned a while classical conditioning refers only to ______ behaviors

Reflexive

Using the premac principal, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should

Do something you enjoy

The cognitive you would argue that learning

Does not always change behavior but it always produce changes in mental activity

One of the best therapy strategies for illuminating conditioned fear involves combining _____ in a process known as ______, first described by Mary cover Jones.

Extinction and relaxation; counter conditioning

Jenna walks into her science class. Love oratory and she immediately feels queasy today's the day her class is dissecting frogs

Habituation

Studies of observational learning demonstrates that

Learning can occur in the absence of personal experience

Damage to neurons with in the ______ that use the transmitter _______ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward

Limbic system; dopamine

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

Long-term potentiation

If you salivate when your mother tells you about the lemon cake she is baking we can attribute no reaction to

Classical conditioning

The two main types of behavioral learning are

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Tolman found that The rats he ran through mazes has created ______ to help them find

Cognitive maps

Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimp

Come up with novel solutions to your problems using information they have used before

For little Albert, his fear of _____ was interpreted as an instance of

Conditioned fear

You are trying to eat a fewer sweets your friends taught you with their candy and even though you are not eating any candy when you see them eat your favorite treat "lemon heads"

Conditioned response

After acquisition for classical conditioning, the _______ how has the ability to elicit a response the resembles the UCR

Conditioned stimulus

In John Garcia's Study on taste Aversion towards coyotes, the goal was to create a situation in which sheep become the ______

Conditioned stimulus

After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. Cafeteria is the ______ and your stomach feeling woozy is the _______

Conditioned stimulus conditioned response

Professors who offer only a final exam grade for the entire semester grade are forgetting the operant conditioning principle that

Contingencies of reinforcement must occur with more frequency to motivate behavior

The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use

Continuous reinforcement

I want my dog Fuzzy to fetch the paper for me in the morning

Continuous; variable ratio

If you had an intense fear of high spaces and you were asked to climb to the top of a Hightower. As you Ascended you therapist told you to relax

Counter conditioning

A punisher _________ The probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ________ the probability of a response

Decreases; increases

For Palov, a tone is to food as

A conditioned stimulus is to an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is not an example of operant

A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat

The PreMac principle states that

A preferred activity that can be used to enforce a last preferred one

During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship when they have earned 10 stickers they may select they can you buy this represents an example of

A token economy

Negative punishment is something referred to as

Omission training

______ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?

Tolman

A(n)_____ refers to the behavior elected by the unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

In the "little Albert" experiment the rat when presented with the loud noise was the _____ and that noise was the _____

Unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response

To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are now giving _____ during chemo therapy

Unusually flavored candles or ice cream

Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation while you are fishing you are working on a _________ schedule of reinforcement

Variable interval

Hey telemarketer who tries to sell as many magazine subscriptions as possible is working according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement

Variable ratio

learning always occurs as a result of

experience

The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are symptoms for

"Add" and "remove"

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as

Acquisition

The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves

Adding a stimulus

As discrimination tasks and unpleasant stimuli becomes increasingly more difficult we can expect

Agitation due to experimental neurosis

A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out as owner is thrilled and thinks that the dog is brilliant

All of the above

Which of the following is true about punishment

All of the above

The findings of Wolfgang Kohler oppose the statements of behaviorists because

Animals are going beyond simple reward/punishment behaviors

The operant chamber which has come to be known as A skinner box was designed so that

Animals could press a lever to receive food

Robert's dog, "fuzzy" runs to Robert when he says, "come".

Stimulus generalization

Punishment must be administered ______ in order to be effective

Immediately and consistently

Negative and positive reinforcements are similar in that these always ______ the likelihood of ensuing responses

Increase

A positive reinforcers seeks too _____ desired behavior. A negative reinforcers seeks to ____ desired behavior

Increase; increase

Robert Rescorla believes that the features of that conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its

Informativeness

Operate behaviors are different from those in classical conditioning, because it in classical conditioning the behaviors are

Involuntary

The Capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment

Involves the hippo campus

Negative reinforcement works best with the adverse stimulus

Is imposed by nature or impersonal conditions

The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that

It prevents they extension of the desired response

According to rescorla, we are most likely to pay attention to information that precedes the UCS only if

It provides unique information about the UCS

While walking down a dark alley you would jump at a loud noise this would not be considered learning because

Jumping is merely a reflex

When you start doing your own grocery shopping you notice that you often by the same brands that your mom bought when you lived at home rather than trying something new this can be a result of

Mere exposure effect

Research regarding The learning styles have found that

Most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category

An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that

Naturally elicits and effective behavior

When your alarm clock rings loudly until you turn it off, it is acting as a

Negative reinforcement

You are sitting in class when your professor holds up a large white feather

Neutral stimulus

Burt had never been afraid of spiders but at camp last summer he woke up and there was a spider on his face. For bar before the incident spiders had been a _____, after the incident spiders are a ______

Neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

In order for the UCS to cause a UCR, there must be

No learning

If Tyler is given and I allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores we should expect that he will

Not do many chores until just before allowance time

The fact that taste averstions_____ poses a problem for classical conditioning.

Part of our biological makeup

Most affected form of punishment always involves

Penalties such as loss of privileges

Insight learning involves

Perception of familiar objects in new forms of relationships

Food, sex and water are considered examples of

Primary reinforcers

Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining the heavier because such a reinforcement

Produces resistance to extinction

The key difference between a ratio and a interval schedule reinforcement is whether

Reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses

_______ are the consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors

Rewards and punishments

You see your brother come home after curfew and get around by your parents in, the future you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by

Social learning

B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to

Speculate about what happens inside an organism

If Pavlov's dogs had been adopted by a nice family after the experiment ended and they eventually stopped salivating to a bell

Spontaneous recovery

One of Pavlov's dogs had stock salivating at the sound of the town the next day the town was present again

Spontaneous recovery

Merideth is a expert of wine. In a find restaurant she orders a glass of San Margarita Pinot grigio. When the wind comes out she tasting claims she received something different. Merideth demonstrates

Stimulus discrimination

A serious problem with Watsons in Reyner's testing with little albert is the danger that

The fear response may generalized to other stimuli

Negative reinforcement involves

The removal of an aversive stimulus

In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building which of the following provides the best early information as whether there is a fire

The smell of smoke

The factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

There can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS

Which of the following is not a key difference between operant and classical conditioning

They are based on the behaviorist theory

In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learned something was that

They salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them

A punisher is an aversive consequence that

Weakens the behavior it follows

In Bandura's class BoBo doll experiment, those children that saw aggressive models

Were more likely to be a violently towards the bobo doll

Which of the following would not be an example of learning

a new born infant & a teen anger falls asleep

As a result of Thorndike's work, we could expect that if Rebecca has learned calculus

it will have little effect on her ability to succeed in German history