AP Psych Chapter 7a and 7b
austen can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austen's poor memory is best explained in terms of
encoding failure
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
availability heuristic
estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
declarative memory
facts and experiences that we consciously know and can declare
long term memory
final stage, type of memory that can store information indefinitely, often based on its relative importance to the individual
iconic memory
fleeting visual images
the Vietnemese language has the sound that goes with the letters NG at the beginning of words, including names, Americans have difficulty hearing and speaking that sound. That sound is a kind of
phoneme
grammar
set of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
short term memory (working memory)
small amounts of information are stored up to thirty seconds or so in short term memory, sensitive to interruption or interference
episodic memories
stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall
encoding
taking stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form or construct that the brains can understand and use
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that
there is an inherent language acquisition device
representative heuristic
we judge how something represents or matches certain prototypes we have
sensory memory
we process everything we sense, takes a second to several seconds
implicit memories
we retain without conscious effort and often without our awareness
selective attention
we voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs
automatic processing
-information passively absorbed from environment -gained w/o awareness
semantic memories
impersonal memories that are not drawn from personal experiences but from everyday, common knowledge
one word stage
ages 1-2, babies can speak single words
echoic memory
auditory signals
If we do not pay attention to sensory memories(iconic and echoic), they will most likely
be lost
two word stage
beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two/three word statements
chunking
combining or grouping bits of related information
a teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on his favorite team. Over the course of the season, the teenager focuses on every mistake, turnover, and missed shot the player makes. However, the teen does not notice how well the player passes, help the other teammates and rebounds. The teenager's behaviors illustrates which of the following
confirmation bias
priming
cues to activate hidden memories
syntax
determines the rules for combining or arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences
which brain region is responsible for episodic memory
frontal lobes
a teenager was given a new phone as a gift and thought the old phone should be thrown away, not realizing that the old phone could be used as a music player to avoid taking up space on the new phone. This example illustrates
functional fixedness
pragmatics
knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations
when confronted with the sequence "______N_______" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of
mental set
telegraphic speech
mostly nouns and verbs
which of the following is not an example of effortful processing
parallel processing
explicit memory
past knowledge that is consciously brought to mind
when elizabeth loftus asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other rather than "hit" or "contacted" each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been
heuristics
rules of thumb, mental shortcuts