AP Psych Chapter 7a and 7b

austen can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austen's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

availability heuristic

estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

declarative memory

facts and experiences that we consciously know and can declare

long term memory

final stage, type of memory that can store information indefinitely, often based on its relative importance to the individual

iconic memory

fleeting visual images

the Vietnemese language has the sound that goes with the letters NG at the beginning of words, including names, Americans have difficulty hearing and speaking that sound. That sound is a kind of

phoneme

grammar

set of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

short term memory (working memory)

small amounts of information are stored up to thirty seconds or so in short term memory, sensitive to interruption or interference

episodic memories

stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall

encoding

taking stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form or construct that the brains can understand and use

confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that

there is an inherent language acquisition device

representative heuristic

we judge how something represents or matches certain prototypes we have

sensory memory

we process everything we sense, takes a second to several seconds

implicit memories

we retain without conscious effort and often without our awareness

selective attention

we voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs

automatic processing

-information passively absorbed from environment -gained w/o awareness

semantic memories

impersonal memories that are not drawn from personal experiences but from everyday, common knowledge

one word stage

ages 1-2, babies can speak single words

echoic memory

auditory signals

If we do not pay attention to sensory memories(iconic and echoic), they will most likely

be lost

two word stage

beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two/three word statements

chunking

combining or grouping bits of related information

a teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on his favorite team. Over the course of the season, the teenager focuses on every mistake, turnover, and missed shot the player makes. However, the teen does not notice how well the player passes, help the other teammates and rebounds. The teenager's behaviors illustrates which of the following

confirmation bias

priming

cues to activate hidden memories

syntax

determines the rules for combining or arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences

which brain region is responsible for episodic memory

frontal lobes

a teenager was given a new phone as a gift and thought the old phone should be thrown away, not realizing that the old phone could be used as a music player to avoid taking up space on the new phone. This example illustrates

functional fixedness

pragmatics

knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations

when confronted with the sequence "______N_______" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of

mental set

telegraphic speech

mostly nouns and verbs

which of the following is not an example of effortful processing

parallel processing

explicit memory

past knowledge that is consciously brought to mind

when elizabeth loftus asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other rather than "hit" or "contacted" each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

heuristics

rules of thumb, mental shortcuts