AP Psych Sensation & Perception

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?-

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

When struck by light energycones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

Bipolar cells

A short wavelength would most likely produce what color?

Blue

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept ?

Context effects

A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms-one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smellEach participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room What research method did the researcher use and what outcome would be found?

Cross - sectional . As people agetheir sense of smell diminishes , especially in older age

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?

Difference threshold

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition?

Dizziness and loss of balance- The hair cells and semicircular canals in the ear are vital for balance, so this disruption would cause dizziness.

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called-

selective attention

Balance is influenced by the-

semicircular canals

The basic experience of the stimulation of the body's senses is called:

sensation

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?-

the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave

Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by-

top-down processing

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called-

transduction

The balance produced by our inner ear is called what sense?

vestibular sense

transduction

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates-

Top-down processing

The minimum amount of a stimulus required in order to be able to detect it.-

absolute threshold

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called-

accommodation

What determines the color of light or the pitch of sound?-

amplitude

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are-

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

convergence is a binocular depth cue that is based on the

muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?

occipital cortex

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors-

occipital cortex

In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the-

perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating?-

perceptual set

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the

red-green system

In vision, transduction occurs within the-

retina

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues?-

retinal disparity

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?-

retinal display

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause and effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct?

A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?-

Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

It has a short wavelength and high frequency

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a-

Longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 non-smokers to determine whether the smoker sense of smell declined more overtime done the nonsmokers did

Makayla and Noah are listening to a song that ends with all the instruments playing the same note. Makayla can distinguish the various instruments playing the note, while Noah cannot. Which of the following best explains their perceptual differences?-

Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

The general function of the middle ear is to

The general function of the middle year is to

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely

an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?

bipolar and ganglion

The area of the retina that has no cones due to the optic nerve's connection to the back of the eye causes what phenomenon?-

blind spot

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the-

blind spot

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called-

closure

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the-

cochlea

The effect when you can hear your friend's voice from down the hall even though many other students are screaming or talking louder or closer to you.-

cocktail party effect

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?-

color constancy

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their-

cones

Kaori is traveling on an airplane for the first time. As the plane takes off, she watches the automobiles driving on the freeway below. Even though the automobiles seem to get smaller as the airplane gains altitude, Kaori does not perceive the cars as shrinking but still perceives them to be their normal size. Which perceptual principle best describes this phenomenon?-

constancy

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense?-

damage to the cerebellum

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive

depth

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive-

depth

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's-

difference threshold

Bob is concerned because his children have been eating too much of an expensive breakfast cereal, so he brings home a less expensive version that looks and tastes exactly the same to him. His children immediately notice that the new cereal is less sweet. Which of the following concepts best explains the conflicting perceptions of Bob and his children?-

difference threshold

a person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. in this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that

many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?-

ear drum

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that -

falls below the threshold for conscious detection

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of-

figure ground

visual acuity is best in the

fovea

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its-

frequency

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?-

hammer, anvil,stirrup

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the-

inner ear

It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster-

is very sensitive to hot peppers

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?-

linear perspective

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is-

made up of only cones

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of-

sensory adaptation

Pupil dilation and constriction is a simple example of what?-

sensory adaptation

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?

similarity

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT -

smell

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because-

some depth perception is lost

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT-

spicy

Which of the following is not a taste profile?-

spicy

Negative afterimages are explained by-

the opponent process theory