AP Psych Unit 2 Test Review

Approximately how many cycles of sleep does an adult enter during a full night's sleep

4-5

An infant sleeps approximately 17 hours a day. Of those hours, how many are spent in REM?

50%

The dream theory that suggests our dreams reflect/consolidate our daily events

Information Processing

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep

Insomnia

Neurons that relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons

Interneurons

Simple reflexes are controlled by these.... in the...

Interneurons... Spine

If an individual sustains damage to their reticular formation, they would most likely

Lapse into a coma

According to Freud, this is the underlying meaning of the dream

Latent Content

If a split brain patient is shown a key to their left visual field, which hand would they grab it with

Left

Alzheimers is related to which?

Low Levels of Ach

Parkinson's is related to which?

Low Levels of Dopamine

According to Freud, this is the remembered storyline of a dream

Manifest Content

This portion of the brain controls heart rate and breathing

Medulla

The hormone most closely related to one's sleep pattern is

Melatonin

This structure of the neuron allows the neural message to speed up during communication

Myelin Sheath

A relatively rare condition that involves irresistible attacks of brief periods of REM

Narcolepsy

This is the brain's ability to repair itself due to damage

Neuroplasticity

Chemical messengers from neurons that cross the synapse from one neuron to another

Neurotransmitter

If a person experiences: panic, screaming, and thrashing around while asleep, this is called a

Night Terror

A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve

Nodes of Ranvier

This neurotransmitter controls our alertness and arousal

Norepinephrine

Damage to this structure of the brain may result in blindness

Occipital Lobe

Rearmost region of the brain; contains primary visual cortex

Occipital Lobe

Where odor-sensitive receptors send their signals, located just below the frontal lobes

Olfactory Bulb

These depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Opiates

The axons of the ganglion cells that carry information from the eye toward the brain

Optic Nerve

Why do we sleep?

Our bodies and brains replenish key factors by sleeping

This hormone gland that regulates the amount of insulin and glucose in the body

Pancreas

This nervous system establishes homeostasis following the "fight or flight" response

Parasympathetic

Region at the top of the brain above the lateral fissure; involved in taking in sensory information

Parietal Lobe

The Social Role Theory of hypnosis suggests

People take on the role we believed would be appropiate

The part of the nervous system that connects the body's sensory receptors and extends outwards

Peripheral Nervous System

This is the physiological need for a drug

Physical Dependence

This is the master hormone gland

Pituitary

This is a suggestion made to a person while in hypnosis to be carried out after hypnosis

Posthypnotic Sensation

This is the psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Psychological Dependence

A person deprive of the _____ stage of sleep may become anxious, testy, and hungry

REM

______ refers to an increased percent of time spent in REM sleep, because of lost REM the night before

REM Rebound

The majority of our dreams occur in which stage of sleep?

REM Sleep

This is the period in which a neuron cannot fire again

Refractory Period

This is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions

Reticular Activating System

Which part of the brain is most important in keeping the forebrain alert and awake?

Reticular Formation

The reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters is called

Reuptake

The inability to recognize spatial relationships would be an error occurring here

Right Hemisphere

The difference in how each hemisphere handles language skills is...

Right is subtle and detailed

This is the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Selective Attention

The neurons that carry messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system

Sensory Neurons

A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as a A GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI) B selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) C hallucinogen D stimulant E beta blocker

A GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI)

The parietal lobe is most involved in A processing sensory information B storing information in long-term memory C coordinating complex motor movements D regulating emotions E triggering the fight-or-flight response

A processing sensory information

All of the following are terms related to hypnosis except (A. Post hypnotic Exhortation, B. Altered State, C. Suggestibility, D. Dissociation)

A. Post hypnotic Exhortation

If a split brain patient is shown a winning lottery ticket to their right visual field, how do they respond? (A. Say "that's a lottery ticket", B. Grab the ticket with left hand, C. No response, D. Get really excited and think about the money)

A. Say "that's a lottery ticket"

This neurotransmitter influences muscle movement and seems to be lacking in alzheimers patients

Acetylcholine

When a neuron fires off, it is called

Action Potential

This is compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Addiction

Many drugs mimic neurotransmitters, they are called

Agonist

If a neuron is damaged, rather than firing off a weak signal, it will instead not fire

All or None

Before entering sleep, you briefly pass through a relaxed and drowsy state. This is marked by

Alpha Waves

Basic emotions like fear/aggression are created here

Amygdala

Some drugs are designed to block the production of neurotransmitters, they are called

Antagonists

The nerve that carries impulses from the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus of the brain

Auditory Nerve

Driving a car along a familiar route while listening to the radio is an example of

Automatic Processing

Part of the nervous system that controls the body's involuntary responses, glands, and organs

Autonomic

This structure of the neuron sends messages off to another neuron

Axons Terminal Endings

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal? A The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. B The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. C The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. D The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. E The neuron goes from being negatively charged to being positively charged, and then it remains at that level until it fires again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives.

B The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives.

Damage to this structure could affect one's ability to recall long term memory

Hippocampus

Constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body

Homeostasis

Antagonists function by A mimicking neurotransmitters that bind to neural receptors to cause neural firing B blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors C prompting the production of neurotransmitters D strengthening the connections between neurons E raising the threshold at which the neuron will fire

B blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of A somnambulism B sleep apnea C narcolepsy D circadian rhythm sleep disorders E insomnia

B sleep apnea

The hormone most associated with the fight or flight response is A oxytocin B epinephrine C testosterone D estrogen E dopamine

B. Epinephrine

A person whose body is not producing enough testosterone is most likely to exhibit A overly aggressive behavior B fatigue C memory loss D increased hunger E increased thirst

B. Fatigue

The fatty casing that helps speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the A medulla B myelin sheath C cerebrum D soma E corpus callosum

B. Myelin sheath

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically... (A. more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities B. likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities C. more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities D. less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions E. less likely to match on the personality dimensions of openness and neuroticism than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions)

B. likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Which structure is the "oldest" within the brain?

Brainstem

This structure of the brain allows us to communicate verbally to others

Brocas

If a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neuronal firing? A The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to maintain a negatively charged resting state. B The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough positively charged ions to maintain a positively charged resting state. C The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron. D The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron. E The neurons will struggle to fire because potassium binds to receptors and inhibits neuronal firing.

C The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron.

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep A immediately after falling asleep B after the dream stage is completed C after cycling through the NREM sleep stages D only as necessary to prevent waking E soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

C after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

What effect do agonists have? A They decrease the likelihood that a person will get a good night's sleep. B They stimulate the gastric system, leading to increased hunger. C They decrease the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. D They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. E They lead to a decreased sex drive.

D They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire.

A neuron sends a signal along its A dendrite B optic chiasm C axon D neurotransmitter E nucleus

C. axon

The brain and the spinal cord make which nervous system?

Central

The region attached to the brain stem that controls motor coordination, posture, and balance

Cerebellum

This is the outer covering of your brain

Cerebral Cortex

The region of the brain that regulates higher cognitive and emotional functions

Cerebrum

This is failing to notice changes in the environment

Change Blindness

Severing this portion of the brain aids in the treatment of epilepsy

Corpus Callosum

The mass of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Corpus Callosum

In a study mimicking Roger Sperry's work, Dr. Kornhauser compared the responses of split-brain patients against a control group of neurotypical participants. In his study, participants focused on a dot in the center of a computer screen and objects are presented in either the left or right visual field. After seeing the object, the participants named the object. The results of the experiment are presented below. What is the most appropriate conclusion Dr. Kornhauser can draw from the results? A Split-brain patients cannot process objects using the right half of their brain and thus are not able to identify the objects in the right visual field. B Split-brain patients have a much faster reaction time to objects in the right visual field due to having a more direct connection between the visual cortex and their language center. C Because the connection between the left visual cortex and language center has been severed, split-brain patients are not able to retrieve the name of objects seen in the right visual field. D Because the connection between the right visual cortex and language center has been severed, split-brain patients are not able to retrieve the name of objects seen in the left visual field. E Because accuracy in the control group was low, the objects he used were likely too difficult for the participants.

D Because the connection between the right visual cortex and language center has been severed, split-brain patients are not able to retrieve the name of objects seen in the left visual field.

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? A It regulates body temperature. B It regulates hunger. C It regulates the autonomic nervous system. D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex. E It relays olfactory signals to the cortex.

D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

The idea that there is a part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but still drives a person's thinking and behavior is most directly attributable to A William James B Edward Thorndike C Margaret Floy Washburn D Sigmund Freud E Paul Broca

D Sigmund Freud

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? A They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron. B They combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons. C They pass through channels into the receiving neuron. D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels. E They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire.

D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels.

This area of our brain triggers our biological drives like hunger/thirst/temperature regulation

Hypothalamus

This is failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Inattentional Blindness

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that A time spent dreaming helps with problem solving and creativity B people sleep more after they have engaged in strenuous physical activity C dreams are the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity D dreams fulfill unconscious wishes E lions sleep more than dee

D dreams fulfill unconscious wishes

Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for A visual perception B sense of balance C memory consolidation D language comprehension E language production

D language comprehension

The medulla oblongata is a part of the A cerebellum B prefrontal cortex C occipital lobe D brain stem E corpus callosum

D. Brain Stem

Which of the following is not characterized in REM Sleep? (A. Rapid Eye Movement, B. Vivid Dreams, C. Increased Heart Rate, D. Delta Waves)

D. Delta Waves

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as A endorphin release B withdrawal C long-term potentiation D tolerance E a relapse

D. Tolerance

An alteration in consciousness that occurs typically when we want to escape reality is called

Daydreaming

The branches fibers of neurons that receive incoming singals

Dendrites

This is the split between different levels of consciousness

Dissociation

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is based on the belief that

Dreams provide explanations for random neural activity

This is when information is processed both consciously and unconsciously

Dual-Processing

Dr. Kovacs is conducting a study of how the brain responds to reading. He records subjects' brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) while they read sentences. He is looking for the N400 signal, a negative EEG spike that occurs 400 milliseconds after someone processes something semantically surprising. There are two conditions in the study. The two figures below show average EEG activity for the subjects in the two conditions (Condition A on the left; Condition B on the right). The x-axis indicates time in milliseconds; time 0 indicates when the subjects first read the last word in each sentence. Which of the following pairs of conditions would produce results such as the ones Dr. Kovacs found? A Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries is sweet." B Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries is sweet," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet." C Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are nervous," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet." D Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are nervous," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are furious." E Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are nervous."

E Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are nervous."

Researchers trained monkeys to perform two tasks: an object-matching task and a location task. In the object-matching task, the monkeys are given an object and must choose a matching object from two objects placed in front of them. In the location task, an object is placed near one of two locations, and the monkeys must reach toward the location the object is closest to. Separating the monkeys into two groups, researchers created a lesion in one area of the brains of the monkeys in one group and a lesion in a different area of the brains of the monkeys in the second group. The researchers then tested the monkeys' performance on the two tasks. The figures below show the monkeys' accuracy on the two tasks. The lesions were most likely performed in the A frontal lobe for Group 1 and the occipital lobe for Group 2 B occipital lobe for Group 1 and the frontal lobe for Group 2 C temporal lobe for Group 1 and the parietal lobe for Group 2 D occipital lobe for Group 1 and the parietal lobe for Group 2 E parietal lobe for Group 1 and the temporal lobe for Group 2

E parietal lobe for Group 1 and the temporal lobe for Group 2

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for A showing that cats can learn to escape puzzle boxes B conditioning Little Albert to be fearful of rats C studying attachment styles in children D studying false memories E studying split-brain patients

E studying split-brain patients

Which hormone is released when a person is under stress? A Progesterone B Testosterone C Estrogen D Oxytocin E Cortisol

E. Cortisol

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters? A Because their sister has been diagnosed, it is highly likely that both sisters will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. B Neither sister is likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder because it is rare for family members to be diagnosed with the same disorder. C The sisters are equally likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in response to a stressful or traumatic event. D Josephine is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event. E Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

E. Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of A his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity B developmental delays, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity C the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive D his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity E his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

E. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

This brain scan is generally used for sleep studies

EEG

The network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine System

This brain scan is considered the most detailed

FMRI

The idea that dreams represent wish fulfillment is what dream interpretation theory?

Freud's Theory of Dream Interpretation

Damage to this area of the brain will affect one's personality

Frontal Lobe

Region located in front of the central sulcus and involves motor control/cognitive activities

Frontal Lobe

This is a false sensory experience

Hallucination

Delta waves are characteristic of a person who is

Sleepwalking

Part of the nervous system that connects to the skeletal muscles and skin used in voluntary movement

Somatic

The sleep stage that is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and lasts 1-7 minutes

Stage 1 Sleep

Which stage of sleep is characterized by delta waves (very high amplitude and very low frequency)

Stage 4 Sleep

Sleepwalking and sleep talking are characteristics of which stage of sleep?

Stage 4 Sleep (Delta Wave Sleep)

In order for a person to be hypnotized, the hypnotist must do which of the following?

Suggest what the subject will experience during hypnosis

The gap between one neuron and another

Synapse

These store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

Synaptic Vesicles

Region of the brain found below the lateral fissure; contains auditory cortex

Temporal Lobe

Almost all activity must pass through this section of the brain (but not smell)

Thalamus

This tells us when to wake and when to sleep

The Circadian Rhythym

The minimum stimulation necessary for a neuron to fire off is called

Threshold

This hormonal gland regulates the metabolic rate within the body

Thyroid

This is the diminishing effect of a drug, requiring the user to take more for the same affect

Tolerance

The mental state of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions when we are alert is called

Waking Consciousness

This is the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuation of an addictive drug

Withdrawal