Ap psych Unit 4 Study

Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above. What is the mode for these data?

7

A test examining the level of sensation-seeking has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology?

A person who is alone while witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if he were part of a group.

A professor conducts a survey examining the relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems, and the results of her study are depicted in the scatterplot above. Which of the following types of relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems do her data suggest?

A positive correlation

Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on these characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures?

Agreeableness

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct

An experiment

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support?

Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Haruto's eyes have only two types of cones. Which of the following of Haruto's perceptual abilities is most likely to be affected by this?

Choosing clothing of a particular color

When a person experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterizes this response?

Cognitive dissonance

Dr. Molitor is interested in whether the Big Five trait of openness to experience decreases as people age. Dr. Molitor gives a personality assessment measuring the Big Five trait of openness to a group of 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds on the same day. She then compiles the data to see if older people are less open to experience. Which research design is Dr. Molitor using?

Cross-sectional study

A group of fans with painted faces attend a crowded football game where they feel anonymous and begin a chant using offensive words that they do not typically use. Which of the following concepts best explains their behavior?

Deindividuation

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?

External locus of control

The component of intelligence involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following?

Fluid intelligence

George was late for his early morning class. The teacher believed that the reason for George's tardiness was simply laziness. In fact, George was late because a serious automobile accident prevented him from arriving to campus on time. Which of the following social psychology principles most accurately describes the teacher's assumption?

Fundamental attribution error

According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to

His intelligence

Benito's father says that if Benito finishes his homework, they can go out for pizza. Benito, who hates doing homework, finishes quickly because he is excited to get pizza. The scenario can be best explained through which of the following?

Incentive theory

A disadvantage of using the concept of mental age in assessing intelligence because of which of the following?

It is inappropriate for adults.

A basketball player deliberately tried to injure opposing players during the game. Near the end of the game, he falls and is injured. A fan comments that the player deserved the injury. The fan's sentiments best represent what social psychological phenomenon?

Just-world hypothesis

Dr. Grayson is interested in studying the relationship between eating disorders and mood. To conduct the study, Dr. Grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on eating disorders and emotional state. Which research strategy is Dr. Grayson using?

Meta-analysis

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with theories of multiple intelligences than theories about g. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with?

Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.

It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants?

Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions.

Colleen likes to have others do things for her and is quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy. This demonstrates which defense mechanism?

Projection

Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?

Projective personality

Dave feels guilty after eating three slices of chocolate cake. However, he tells himself not to worry because he ate a very light lunch earlier in the day. What defense mechanism is Dave relying on?

Rationalization

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles?

Reciprocal determinism

Dr. Dell read about a study completed nearly twenty years ago suggesting that attitudes toward online dating were generally negative. He hypothesized that those attitudes have changed. In order to show how attitudes might have evolved, Dr. Dell should do which of the following?

Replicate the original study

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues?

Retinal disparity

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. A social-cognitive psychologist would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following? Responses

Self-efficacy

Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test whether a hair-growth shampoo she is developing helps people have higher self-esteem. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' self-esteem at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

Self-esteem

When Minh and Aaron are on the same team playing doubles tennis, Minh credits herself for their successes and blames Aaron for their losses. Which of the following best explains Minh's thinking?

Self-serving Bias

Jonathan practiced for a speech competition with other students and the coach. Although his performance during practice was usually average, Jonathan won a gold medal for his performance to a large crowd of attendees at the competition. Which of the following social psychology principles accounts for Jonathan's exceptional performance?

Social facilitation

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's rooting reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to do which of the following?

Stroke her baby's cheek

Researchers showed the six basic facial expressions, as seen in Figure 1, to isolated people in New Guinea in the early 1970's. The fact that isolated people in New Guinea were able to correctly identify the emotions on faces that they had never seen before supports which of the following?

The expression of emotions is universal.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What was the independent variable in this research study?

The heaviness of the weights

A researcher goes to a local public park and jumps out from behind a tree to scare people as they walk by. The researcher says she is investigating the expression of fear in natural environments. Which of the following describes an ethical issue with this research approach?

The researcher did not get informed consent.

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified by which of the following?

Unconditional positive regard

A researcher conducts a study to test conformity. The researcher recruits participants and asks them to observe line X and line Y, where line X is clearly shorter than line Y. Which of the following procedures would be most effective to test conformity?

Use nine confederates and one participant. The nine confederates go first and incorrectly say that line X is longer.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts? Responses

Weber's law

The above graph is most closely associated with

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as

a circadian rhythm

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty

comprehending a spoken request for information

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates

display rules

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

Frank comes out of his monthly meeting of conspiracy theorists even more convinced than ever that there is a secret group trying to take over the world. Frank's experience best illustrates

group polarization

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

Even though Eli prefers romantic comedy movies, he often goes to action-adventure movies to fit in with his friends. Eli's behavior can best be explained by

normative social influence

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of

object permanence

Lisa is a college English major. She believes all math majors are analytical, logical, and serious. Lisa seems to be demonstrating

outgroup homogeneity bias

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

When Jaci works on a project alone, she puts in a lot of effort and meets deadlines. However, when she works on a project in a group, she rarely attends scheduled meetings and always misses the deadline when submitting the part of the project she is responsible for completing. Jaci's behavior is best explained by

social loafing

Joe's best friend Liz says, "I heard the best joke from my sister" and then proceeds to tell Joe the joke that he had told her last week. Liz is most likely experiencing

source amnesia

The utterance "likes dog my swim to" does not sound correct because it violates the rules of

syntax

Deborah says that she is not interested in dating anyone at her workplace. However, after spending time with her coworker James at a week-long conference, she finds herself attracted to him and begins to pursue a relationship. Deborah's interest in James is most likely due to

the mere-exposure effect