AP Psych Units 4-7

The following item refers to a snake frightening Ted. Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake.

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to

stroke the sole of her baby's foot

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class?

"Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario?

A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height

A cancer patient became nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become _____________.

A conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is a longitudinal study?

A group of kindergartener students is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years.

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as _________.

A secondary reinforcer

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of__________.

Accommodation

Intellectual disability is defined by both IQ and which of the following?

Adaptive ability

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

Alarm Reaction

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-Approach

Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out "Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of ___________.

Assimilation

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?

Authoritarian

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence?

Authoritative

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mike smiled at passengers frequently

Which of the following is true of boys compared to girls?

Boys are more likely to be represented among those scoring extremely low as well as those scoring extremely high on tests of mental abilites.

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sigh of a plastic spider upsets her. Which of the following learning processes best explains Maria's fear of spiders?

Classical Conditioning

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli; whereas, operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective Unconscious

As Susie left for work, she said "goodbye" to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing "goodbye" followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say "goodbye." In this scenario, flinching to the word "goodbye" is the ________.

Conditioned response

Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more—the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of_____________.

Conservation

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of ___________.

Conservation

An intelligence test that asks a person how many uses they can think of for a golf ball is most likely testing a person's _____________ intelligence

Creative

Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of _________.

Developmental Norms

Samuel became ill after eating pepperoni pizza and refuses to eat it now. However, he still enjoys plain pizza. Samuel's eating behavior illustrates _________

Discrimination

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates___________.

Displacement

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls ___________.

Display rules

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive Reduction

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Drive Theory

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-Reduction Theory

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Egocentrism

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

Esteem Needs

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as ___________.

Exhaustion

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?

External Locus of Control

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

Fixed Ratio

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. This show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed-Interval

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?

Fixed-Ratio

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of __________.

Gender-Role Development

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence?

Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles

Lawrence Kohlberg used which of the following techniques to illustrate the stages of his theory?

Having people study a law case

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience

Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision?

He is identity foreclosed

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be ___________.

High in Neuroticism

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?

Hypothetical Thinking

Reinforcers ____________ and punishers ____________ the future occurrence of the behavior that led to these respective consequences

Increase; Decrease

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of ______.

Insight Learning

Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food?

It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?

Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief?

Latent Learning

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of _____________.

Latent Learning

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of _______

Learned Helplessness

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells:

Mirror Neurons

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates _____________.

Negative Punishment

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

Negative Reinforcement

Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

Object Permanence

Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above? (Exposure to media influence bar graph)

Observational Learning

The last time you came home after curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by _________.

Operant Conditioning.

The graph above supports which of the following statements? (wiggly graph)

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

Which of the following provides the best evidence that race is more a of a social construct than a biological category?

People having ancestry may categorize themselves as having the same race

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as ___________.

Positive Reinforcement

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of ___________.

Projection

Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test? (inkblot)

Projective Personality

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?

Randy was always worried about exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school, the anxiety has gone away

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles?

Reciprocal Determinism

A test developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group, Which of the following best describes this process?

Standardization

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants?

Temperament

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to _________.

express happiness when the mother returned to the room

When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as

Rooting

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

Schachter's Two Factor

Money often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful ________.

Secondary Reinforcer

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?

Secure

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?

Self-Efficacy

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

Set-Point Theory

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as ___________.

Shaping

Which of the following is the best example of an aptitude test?

Sherjeel takes an ACT for college admission

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by ___________.

Social Learning Theory

Based on the bar graph above, which of the following conclusions is most accurate?

The more genetically related people are, the more similar their intelligence scores.

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The slamming of the door

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when _______.

The tone only is presented

There is a great correlation between IQ scores of identical twins raised together than for fraternal twins raised together. What conclusion can be drawn from this data?

There is a genetic effect on intelligence

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a ___________.

Trait theory of personality

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

The above graph is most closely associated with (y = - x^2 lookin graph)

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal

The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of

a critical period

Heritability relates to the

extent to which variability among individuals' intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic variation.

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of

contact comfort to attachment

According to Charles Spearman and others, __________ underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test

general intelligence

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eight and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage __________.

integrity versus despair

According to Carol Dweck, students are often hampered by a "fixed mindset." This means they believe:

intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable

According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called this psychosocial stage of development ____________.

intimacy versus isolation

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence?

inventing emotions

In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys ___________.

preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle.

If a test yields consistent results upon retesting, it can be said to have a high degree of

reliability

Victor is blind, unable to speak, and understands very few words. He is, however, able to hear a piece of music once and play it back flawlessly on the piano. Victor's abilities best represent someone with

savant syndrome

According to most experts, intelligence tests are not biased because

the tests do a pretty good job of predicting what they are supposed to predict