AP psyche chapter 12

Individual psychology

a modification of psychoanalysis developed by the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler emphasizing feelings of inferiority and a desire for power as the primary motivating forces in human behavior.

Thanatos

"death instinct" , drives the aggressive and destructive acts that humans commit against each other and themselves

Persona

A mask designed to make a definite impression upon others, and on the other to conceal the true nature of the individual. A consciously created personality or identity fashioned out of part of the collective psyche through socialization, acculturation and experience.

Incongruence

Although general use of the word has come to mean inconsistent or incompatible, Rogers had a more specific definition in mind. He defined congruence as the matching of experience and awareness.

Shadow

An unconscious aspect of the personality which the conscious ego does not identify in itself; may be positive or negative. The deep, passionate, inner person; including the person's 'dark side.'

Empathy

Empathy is the experience of understanding another person's condition from their perspective. You place yourself in their shoes and feel what they are feeling. Empathy is known to increase prosocial (helping) behaviors.

Free will

Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior, in other words we are self determined.

Id

Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses.

Ego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations.

Superego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience.

Genuineness

Genuineness (also known as congruence) is the most important concept in therapeutic counseling according to Rogers. Genuineness refers to the therapist's ability to be authentic. When a therapist is genuine, she might share her emotional reactions to a clients' problems and experiences.

Regression

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Displacement

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse.

Reaction Formation

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of them.

Sublimation

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests.

Projection

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person.

Rationalization

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas.

Represion

In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety evoking material.

denial

In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge.

Penis envy

In Freudian theory, jealousy of boys for having a penis.

Genital

In Freudian theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation.

oral stage

In Freudian theory, the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting).

Latency

In Freudian theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dominant.

Phallic

In Freudian theory, the htird stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boy, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus complex.

Oedipus complex

In Freudian theory, the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings towards the parents of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival.

defense mechanisms

In Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety evoking or troubling ideas or impulses.

Anal

In Freudian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents).

Self-actualization

In humanistic theory, the final level of psychological development, in which one strives to realize one's uniquely human potential-to achieve everything one is capable of achieving

Collective unconscious

Jung; memories/behavior patterns inherited from past generations; shared by all humans; deep roots in the ancestral past an entire species; manifest as archetypes, myths, and legends

Personal unconscious

Jung; one of two levels; contains individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas; can be triggered; similar to Freud's unconscious and preconscious

Archetypes

Jung; thought forms or collective memories passed down from generation to generation and stored in the collective unconscious; ancient/archaic images derived from the collective unconscious; examples-mother Earth, father Time, hero, wise old man, trickster, the Joker

Birth order

Nurture aspect in nature vs nurture Person's disposition and personality can be determined by the order they are born in.

Erogenous Zones

Parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation.

Anima

The anima and animus, in Carl Jung's school of analytical psychology, are the two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind

third force

The humanistic approach is thus often called the "third force" in psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Libido

The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive

Electra complex

The term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the form of the Oedipus complex in young girls.

congruence

This means that self-actualization occurs when a person's "ideal self" (i.e., who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image).

unconscious

To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories, and ideas.

preconscious

To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention

Fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Projective tests

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Thematic apperception test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Compensation

a strategy whereby one covers up, consciously or unconsciously, weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy or incompetence in one life area through the gratification or (drive towards) excellence in another area.

Youngest

behaves like only child; feels everyone bigger and more capable; expects others to do things, make decisions, take responsibility feels smallest and weakest, may not be taken seriously; becomes boss of family in getting service and own way; develops feelings of inferiority or becomes "speeder" and overtakes older siblings

Eros

drive for love, life, and creation; sex drive- energy behind it is libido, from the Latin word for "lust"

hysteria

hysteria is a feature of hysterical disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that have a psychological, rather than an organic, cause; and histrionic personality disorder characterized by excessive emotions, dramatics, and attention-seeking behavior.

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Oldest

is only child for a period of time; used to being center of attention; believes must gain and hold superiority over other children

Conditions of worth

judgments about the kinds of behaviors that will bring approval from others

Womb envy

male equivalent of penis envy, males are jealous of females ability to create and sustain life; Karen Horney

Middle

never has parents' undivided attention; always has sibling ahead who's more advanced; acts as if in race, trying to catch up or overtake first child develops abilities first child doesn't exhibit; if first child successful, may feel uncertain of self and abilities; may be a rebel

Self-concept

organized pattern of perceived characteristics along with the values attached to those attributes

Unconditioned positive regard

parents and authority figures should give a child acceptance and love no matter what

Inferiority

psychoanalytic- Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome

Superiority

psychoanalytic- Psychological condition that exists when a person concentrates to much on his own need to succeed while ignoring the needs of others. Such a person tends to be vain, domineering, and condescending.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

psychoanalysis/psychoanalytic

Freud's theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts.