AP Psychology - Chapter 10 Siggy, AP Psych Chapter 9 Siggy, Ap Psych Chapter 11 Siggy
103. Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of the role of heredity in determining intelligence? A) The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are more similar than those of fraternal twins raised together. B) The intelligence scores of fraternal twins are more similar than those of ordinary siblings. C) The intelligence scores of identical twins raised together are more similar than those of identical twins raised apart. D) The intelligence scores of adopted children show relatively weak correlations with scores of adoptive as well as biological parents.
A
105. If you compare the same trait in people of similar heredity who live in very different environments, heritability for that trait will be ________; heritability for the trait is most likely to be ________ among people of very different heredities who live in similar environments. A) low; high B) high; low C) environmental; genetic D) genetic; environmental
A
106. Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence: A) become more apparent. B) become less apparent. C) become more difficult to entangle from environmental influences. D) become easier to entangle from environmental influences.
A
112. Which of the following is not cited as evidence of the reciprocal relationship between schooling and intelligence? A) Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income. B) Intelligence scores tend to rise during the school year. C) High school graduates have higher intelligence scores than do those who drop out early. D) High intelligence is conducive to prolonged schooling.
A
2. Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n): A) cognitive psychologist. B) experimental psychologist. C) organizational psychologist. D) developmental psychologist
A
25. In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as "75 percent lean" than to one referring to its "25 percent fat" content. This is an example of: A) the framing effect. B) confirmation bias. C) mental set. D) overconfidence.
A
26. A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to: A) accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions. B) accept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinions. C) underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge. D) accept as logical conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts.
A
27. Which of the following illustrates belief perseverance? A) Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary. B) You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs. C) You tend to become flustered and angered when your beliefs are refuted. D) You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs.
A
28. Phonemes are the basic units of ________ in language. A) sound B) meaning C) grammar D) semantics
A
30. The word "predates" contains ________ phonemes and ________ morphemes. A) 7; 3 B) 3; 7 C) 7; 2 D) 3; 2
A
35. A listener hearing a recording of Japanese, Spanish, and North American children babbling would: A) not be able to tell them apart. B) be able to tell them apart if they were older than 6 months. C) be able to tell them apart if they were older than 8 to 10 months. D) be able to tell them apart at any age.
A
36. Which of the following is not true of babbling? A) It is imitation of adult speech. B) It is the same in all cultures. C) It typically occurs from about age 4 months to 1 year. D) Babbling increasingly comes to resemble a particular language.
A
42. Which of the following utterances is an example of overgeneralization of a grammatical rule? A) "We goed to the store." B) "Ball pretty." C) "The sky is crying." D) "We eat 'paghetti."
A
45. Infants as young as 6 months old display a remarkable ability to learn statistical aspects of speech. Specifically, research studies have shown that they: A) are quickly able to recognize syllable sequences that appear repeatedly. B) respond to changes in the pitch of a speaker's voice. C) pay less attention to a same-gender voice. D) do all of the above.
A
57. Researchers who believe that some primates possess a rudimentary theory of mind point to evidence that: A) chimpanzees have been observed using mirrors to inspect themselves. B) vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for different predators. C) orangutans in the wild frequently use stones as tools. D) honeybees communicate the direction and distance of a food source by performing an intricate dance.
A
64. The concept of a g factor implies that intelligence: A) is a single overall ability. B) is several specific abilities. C) cannot be defined or measured. D) is both a. and c.
A
74. Originally, IQ was defined as: A) mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. B) chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100. C) mental age subtracted from chronological age and multiplied by 100. D) chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.
A
80. Before becoming attorneys, law students must pass a special licensing exam, which is an ________ test. Before entering college, high school students must take the SAT, which is an ________ test. A) achievement; aptitude B) aptitude; achievement C) achievement; achievement D) aptitude; aptitude
A
92. Which of the following statements is true? A) The predictive validity of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability. B) The reliability of intelligence tests is not as high as their predictive validity. C) Modern intelligence tests have extremely high predictive validity and reliability. D) The predictive validity and reliability of most intelligence tests is very low.
A
99. Down syndrome is normally caused by: A) an extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup. B) a missing chromosome in the person's genetic makeup. C) malnutrition during the first few months of life. D) prenatal exposure to an addictive drug.
A
Brenda has trouble remembering her new five-digit zip plus four-digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for the difficulty Brenda is having? A) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's short-term memory capacity. B) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's iconic memory capacity. C) The extra four digits cannot be organized into easily remembered chunks. D) Brenda evidently has an impaired implicit memory.
A
Elderly Mr. Flanagan, a retired electrician, can easily remember how to wire a light switch, but he cannot remember the name of the president of the United States. Evidently, Mr. Flanagan's ________ memory is better than his ________ memory. A) implicit; explicit B) explicit; implicit C) declarative; procedural D) explicit; declarative
A
Experimenters gave people a list of words to be recalled. When the participants were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those: A) at the beginning of the list. B) in the middle of the list. C) at the end of the list. D) at the beginning and the end of the list.
A
In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in fifth grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example of: A) priming. B) déjà vu. C) encoding. D) relearning.
A
Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis's failure to remember these painful memories is an example of: A) repression. B) retrieval failure. C) state-dependent memory. D) flashbulb memory.
A
The disruption of memory that occurs when football players have been knocked out provides evidence for the importance of: A) consolidation in the formation of new memories. B) consolidation in the retrieval of long-term memories. C) nutrition in normal neural functioning. D) all of the above.
A
The first thing Karen did when she discovered that she had misplaced her keys was to re-create in her mind the day's events. That she had little difficulty in doing so illustrates: A) automatic processing. B) effortful processing. C) state-dependent memory. D) priming.
A
The spacing effect means that: A) distributed study yields better retention than cramming. B) retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour. C) learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons. D) delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall.
A
The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: A) Atkinson and Shiffrin. B) Herman Ebbinghaus. C) Loftus and Palmer. D) George Sperling
A
Visual sensory memory is referred to as: A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) photomemory. D) semantic memory.
A
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of: A) proactive interference. B) retroactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) storage failure.
A
Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval? A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) They are equally sensitive.
A
113. Research on the effectiveness of Head Start suggests that enrichment programs: A) produce permanent gains in intelligence scores. B) improve school readiness and may provide a small boost to intelligence. C) improve intelligence scores but not school readiness. D) produce temporary gains in intelligence scores.
B
118. High levels of male hormones during prenatal development may enhance: A) verbal reasoning. B) spatial abilities. C) overall intelligence. D) all of the above.
B
119. Which of the following is not true? A) In math grades, the average girl typically equals or surpasses the average boy. B) The gender gap in math and science scores is increasing. C) Women are better than men at detecting emotions. D) Males score higher than females on tests of spatial abilities.
B
16. Failing to solve a problem that requires using an object in an unusual way illustrates the phenomenon of: A) mental set. B) functional fixedness. C) framing. D) belief perseverance.
B
21. Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people's decisions are being influenced by: A) belief bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness.
B
3. A mental grouping of similar things, events, or people is called a(n): A) prototype. B) concept. C) algorithm. D) heuristic.
B
31. Complete the following: -ed is to sh as ________ is to ________. A) phoneme; morpheme B) morpheme; phoneme C) grammar; syntax D) syntax; grammar
B
34. Syntax refers to the: A) sounds in a word. B) rules for grouping words into sentences. C) rules by which meaning is derived from sentences. D) overall rules of a language.
B
38. The child who says "Milk gone" is engaging in ________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ________. A) babbling; syntax B) telegraphic speech; syntax C) babbling; semantics D) telegraphic speech; semantics
B
46. The study in which people who immigrated to the United States at various ages were compared in terms of their ability to understand English grammar found that: A) age of arrival had no effect on mastery of grammar. B) those who immigrated as children understood grammar as well as native speakers. C) those who immigrated as adults understood grammar as well as native speakers. D) whether or not English was spoken in the home was the most important factor in mastering the rules of grammar.
B
5. Complete the following analogy: Rose is to flower as: A) concept is to prototype. B) prototype is to concept. C) concept is to hierarchy. D) hierarchy is to concept.
B
51. The linguistic determinism hypothesis is challenged by the finding that: A) chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language. B) people with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately. C) the Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. D) infants' babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard.
B
53. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between thinking and language? A) "Real" thinking requires the use of language. B) People sometimes think in images rather than in words. C) A thought that cannot be expressed in a particular language cannot occur to speakers of that language. D) All of the above are true.
B
6. The basic units of cognition are: A) phonemes. B) concepts. C) prototypes. D) morphemes.
B
7. If you want to be absolutely certain that you will find the solution to a problem you know is solvable, you should use: A) a heuristic. B) an algorithm. C) insight. D) trial and error.
B
76. If asked to guess the intelligence score of a stranger, your best guess would be: A) 75. B) 100. C) 125. D) "I don't know; intelligence scores vary too widely."
B
8. A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts, and the steps to follow is an example of a(n): A) prototype. B) algorithm. C) heuristic. D) mental set.
B
81. Tests of ________ measure what an individual can do now, whereas tests of ________ predict what an individual will be able to do later. A) aptitude; achievement B) achievement; aptitude C) reliability; validity D) validity; reliability
B
82. If you wanted to develop a test of musical aptitude in North American children, which would be the appropriate standardization group? A) children all over the world B) North American children C) children of musical parents D) children with known musical ability
B
83. Standardization refers to the process of: A) determining the accuracy with which a test measures what it is supposed to. B) defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group. C) determining the consistency of test scores obtained by retesting people. D) measuring the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
B
86. Jack takes the same test of mechanical reasoning on several different days and gets virtually identical scores. This suggests that the test has: A) high content validity. B) high reliability. C) high predictive validity. D) been standardized.
B
87. A school psychologist found that 85 percent of those who scored above 115 on an aptitude test were "A" students and 75 percent of those who scored below 85 on the test were "D" students. The psychologist concluded that the test had high: A) content validity because scores on it correlated highly with the criterion behavior. B) predictive validity because scores on it correlated highly with the criterion behavior. C) content validity because scores on it correlated highly with the target behavior. D) predictive validity because scores on it correlated highly with the target behavior.
B
94. At age 16, Angel's intelligence score was 110. What will her score probably be at age 32? A) 125 B) 110 C) 115 D) There is no basis for predicting an individual's future IQ.
B
97. Before about age ________, intelligence tests generally do not predict future scores. A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10
B
After finding her old combination lock, Janice can't remember its combination because she keeps confusing it with the combination of her new lock. She is experiencing: A) proactive interference. B) retroactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) storage failure.
B
Although you can't recall the answer to a question on your psychology midterm, you have a clear mental image of the textbook page on which it appears. Evidently, your ________ encoding of the answer was ________. A) semantic; automatic B) visual; automatic C) semantic; effortful D) visual; effortful
B
Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of: A) implicit memories. B) explicit memories. C) iconic memories. D) echoic memories.
B
Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is: A) encoded. B) rehearsed. C) iconic or echoic. D) retrieved.
B
Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A) are stored as exact copies of experience. B) reflect a person's biases and assumptions. C) may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. D) even if long term, usually decay within about five years.
B
Studies of amnesia victims suggest that: A) memory is a single, unified system. B) there are two distinct types of memory. C) there are three distinct types of memory. D) memory losses following brain trauma are unpredictable.
B
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called: A) encoding. B) retrieval. C) rehearsal. D) storage.
B
Walking through the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation, Tom experienced a flood of old memories. Tom's experience showed the role of: A) state-dependent memory. B) context effects. C) retroactive interference. D) echoic memory.
B
When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was: A) the same for all words. B) better for the categorized words. C) better for the random words. D) improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices.
B
Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories? A) hippocampus B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) amygdala
B
Which of the following sequences would be best to follow if you wanted to minimize interference-induced forgetting in order to improve your recall on the psychology midterm? A) study, eat, test B) study, sleep, test C) study, listen to music, test D) study, exercise, test
B
Which of the following terms does not belong with the others? A) misattribution B) blocking C) suggestibility D) bias
B
1. The text defines cognition as: A) silent speech. B) all mental activity. C) mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information. D) logical reasoning
C
101. In his study of children with high intelligence scores, Terman found that: A) the children were more emotional and less healthy than a control group. B) the children were ostracized by classmates. C) the children were healthy and well-adjusted, and did well academically. D) later, as adults, they nearly all achieved great vocational success.
C
104. Current estimates are that ________ percent of the total variation among intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic factors. A) less than 10 B) approximately 25 C) between 50 and 75 D) over 75
C
107. The Flynn effect refers to the fact that: A) white and black infants score equally well on measures of infant intelligence. B) Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement tests. C) The IQ scores of today's better fed and educated population exceed those of the 1930s population. D) Individual differences within a race are much greater than between-race differences.
C
108. Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of environment's role in intelligence? A) Adopted children's intelligence scores are more like their adoptive parents' scores than their biological parents'. B) Children's intelligence scores are more strongly related to their mothers' scores than to their fathers'. C) Children moved from a deprived environment into an intellectually enriched one show gains in intellectual development. D) The intelligence scores of identical twins raised separately are no more alike than those of siblings.
C
109. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the text's position regarding the relative contribution of genes and environment in determining intelligence? A) Except in cases of a neglectful early environment, each individual's basic intelligence is largely the product of heredity. B) With the exception of those with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, intelligence is primarily the product of environmental experiences. C) Both genes and life experiences significantly influence performance on intelligence tests. D) Because intelligence tests have such low predictive validity, the question cannot be addressed until psychologists agree on a more valid test of intelligence.
C
11. Experts in a field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics: A) guarantee solutions to problems. B) prevent mental sets. C) often save time. D) prevent fixation.
C
110. J. McVicker Hunt found that institutionalized children given "tutored human enrichment": A) showed no change in intelligence test performance compared with institutionalized children who did not receive such enrichment. B) responded so negatively as a result of their impoverished early experiences that he felt it necessary to disband the program. C) thrived intellectually and socially on the benefits of positive caregiving. D) actually developed greater intelligence than control subjects who had lived in foster homes since birth.
C
114. Most psychologists believe that racial gaps in test scores: A) have been exaggerated when they are, in fact, insignificant. B) indicate that intelligence is in large measure inherited. C) are in large measure caused by environmental factors. D) are increasing.
C
120. To say that the heritability of a trait is approximately 50 percent means: A) that genes are responsible for 50 percent of the trait in an individual, and the environment is responsible for the rest. B) that the trait's appearance in a person will reflect approximately equal genetic contributions from both parents. C) that of the variation in the trait within a group of people, 50 percent can be attributed to heredity. D) all of the above.
C
14. Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of: A) algorithms. B) heuristics. C) fixation. D) insight.
C
17. Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by: A) functional fixedness. B) the overconfidence phenomenon. C) mental set. D) her lack of a prototype for the solution.
C
19. You hear that one of the Smith children is an outstanding Little League player and immediately conclude it's their one son rather than any of their four daughters. You reached your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of: A) the confirmation bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) belief perseverance.
C
24. Most people tend to: A) accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments. B) underestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments. C) overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments. D) lack confidence in their decision-making strategies
C
29. The English language has approximately ________ phonemes. A) 25 B) 30 C) 40 D) 45
C
39. Telegraphic speech is typical of the ________ stage. A) babbling B) one-word C) two-word D) three-word
C
4. When forming a concept, people often develop a best example, or ________, of a category. A) denoter B) heuristic C) prototype D) algorithm
C
40. Children first demonstrate a rudimentary understanding of syntax during the ________ stage. A) babbling B) one-word C) two-word D) three-word
C
44. Which of the following best describes Chomsky's view of language development? A) Language is an entirely learned ability. B) Language is an innate ability. C) Humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language. D) There are no cultural influences on the development of language.
C
48. According to the text, language acquisition is best described as: A) the result of conditioning and reinforcement. B) a biological process of maturation. C) an interaction between biology and experience. D) a mystery of which researchers have no real understanding.
C
49. In preparing her class presentation, "Updating Chomsky's Understanding of Language Development," Britney's outline includes all of the following evidence except that: A) computers programmed to learn to form the past tense of irregular verbs can learn to do so, even without "inborn" linguistic rules. B) infants rapidly learn to detect subtle differences between simple sequences of syllables. C) infants can recognize color differences even before they can name different colors. D) children isolated from language during the first seven years of life never fully develop language.
C
52. Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun "he": A) tends for children and adults alike to trigger images of both males and females. B) tends for adults to trigger images of both males and females, but for children to trigger images of males. C) tends for both children and adults to trigger images of males but not females. D) for both children and adults triggers images of females about one-fourth of the time it is used.
C
58. Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using: A) various sounds. B) plastic symbols of various shapes and colors. C) sign language. D) all of the above.
C
61. Most experts view intelligence as a person's: A) ability to perform well on intelligence tests. B) innate mental capacity. C) ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. D) diverse skills acquired throughout life.
C
63. Which of the following is not a requirement of a good test? A) reliability B) standardization C) reification D) validity
C
65. Melvin has been diagnosed as having savant syndrome, which means that he: A) has an IQ of 120 or higher. B) would score high on a test of analytical intelligence. C) is mentally retarded but has one exceptional ability. D) was exposed to high levels of testosterone during prenatal development.
C
70. Vanessa is a very creative sculptress. We would expect that Vanessa also: A) has an exceptionally high intelligence score. B) is quite introverted. C) has a venturesome personality and is intrinsically motivated. D) lacks expertise in most other skills.
C
72. The test created by Alfred Binet was designed specifically to: A) measure inborn intelligence in adults. B) measure inborn intelligence in children. C) predict school performance in children. D) identify mentally retarded children so that they could be institutionalized.
C
78. Current intelligence tests compute an individual's intelligence score as: A) the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. B) the ratio of chronological age to mental age multiplied by 100. C) the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age. D) the ratio of the test-taker's verbal intelligence score to his or her nonverbal intelligence score.
C
79. According to the text, what can be concluded from early intelligence testing in the United States? A) Most European immigrants were "feeble-minded." B) Army recruits of other than West European heritage were intellectually deficient. C) The tests were biased against people who did not share the culture assumed by the test. D) Both a. and b. could be concluded.
C
88. If a test designed to indicate which applicants are likely to perform the best on the job fails to do so, the test has: A) low reliability. B) low content validity. C) low predictive validity. D) not been standardized.
C
91. Amelia recently took a test that assessed her ability to perform at the college level. The test she took was the: A) WAIS. B) WISC. C) SAT. D) None of the above, because they are all achievement tests.
C
93. Studies of 2- to 7-month-old babies show that babies who quickly become bored with a picture: A) often develop learning disabilities later on. B) score lower on infant intelligence tests. C) score higher on intelligence tests several years later. D) score very low on intelligence tests several years later.
C
98. Twenty-two-year-old Dan has an intelligence score of 63 and the academic skills of a fourth-grader, and is unable to live independently. Dan probably: A) has Down syndrome. B) has savant syndrome. C) is mentally retarded. D) will eventually achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
C
After suffering damage to the hippocampus, a person would probably: A) lose memory for skills such as bicycle riding. B) be incapable of being classically conditioned. C) lose the ability to store new facts. D) experience all of the above changes.
C
At your high school reunion you cannot remember the last name of your homeroom teacher. Your failure to remember is most likely the result of: A) encoding failure. B) storage failure. C) retrieval failure. D) state-dependent memory.
C
Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of: A) priming. B) memory construction. C) mood-congruent memory. D) retrieval failure.
C
Craik and Tulving had research participants process words visually, acoustically, or semantically. In a subsequent recall test, which type of processing resulted in the greatest retention? A) visual B) acoustic C) semantic D) Acoustic and semantic processing were equally beneficial
C
During basketball practice, Jan's head was painfully elbowed. If the trauma to her brain disrupts her memory, we would expect that Jan would be most likely to forget: A) the name of her teammates. B) her telephone number. C) the name of the play during which she was elbowed. D) the details of events that happened shortly after the incident.
C
It is easier to recall information that has just been presented when the information: A) consists of random letters rather than words. B) is seen rather than heard. C) is heard rather than seen. D) is experienced in an unusual context.
C
Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses. A) ACh B) dopamine C) serotonin D) noradrenaline
C
Our short-term memory span is approximately ________ items. A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 10
C
Repression is an example of: A) encoding failure. B) memory decay. C) motivated forgetting. D) all of the above.
C
Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons. A) myelin B) cell bodies C) synapses D) all of the above
C
Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ in order to facilitate information processing. A) mnemonic devices B) chunks C) hierarchies D) recognizable units
C
The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory: A) is constructed during encoding. B) is unchanging once established. C) may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed. D) is highly resistant to misleading information.
C
To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which mnemonic technique? A) peg-word system B) acronyms C) the method of loci D) chunking
C
Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? A) a steady, slow decline in retention over time B) a steady, rapid decline in retention over time C) a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter D) a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter
C
Which of the following was not recommended as a strategy for improving memory? A) active rehearsal B) distributed study C) speed-reading D) encoding meaningful associations
C
10. Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics? A) trying every possible letter ordering when unscrambling a word B) considering each possible move when playing chess C) using the formula "area = length × width" to find the area of a rectangle D) playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
D
100. Which of the following statements is true? A) About 1 percent of the population is mentally retarded. B) More males than females are mentally retarded. C) A majority of the mentally retarded can learn academic skills. D) All of the above are true.
D
102. Sorting children into gifted and nongifted educational groups: A) creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) increases social isolation between groups. C) promotes racial segregation and prejudice. D) has all of the above effects.
D
111. First-time parents Geena and Brad want to give their baby's intelligence a jump-start by providing a super-enriched learning environment. Experts would suggest that the new parents should: A) pipe stimulating classical music into the baby's room. B) hang colorful mobiles and artwork over the baby's crib. C) take the child to one of the new "superbaby" preschools that specialize in infant enrichment. D) relax, since there is no surefire environmental recipe for giving a child a superior intellect.
D
115. Hiroko's math achievement score is considerably higher than that of most American students her age. Which of the following is true regarding this difference between Asian and North American students: A) It is a recent phenomenon. B) It may be due to the fact that Asian students have a longer school year. C) It holds only for girls. D) Both a. and b. are true.
D
116. Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to: A) the use of biased tests of intelligence. B) the use of unreliable tests of intelligence. C) genetic factors. D) environmental factors.
D
117. The contribution of environmental factors to racial gaps in intelligence scores is indicated by: A) evidence that individual differences within a race are much greater than differences between races. B) evidence that white and black infants score equally well on certain measures of infant intelligence. C) the fact that Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests. D) all of the above.
D
12. During a televised political debate, the Republican and Democratic candidates each argued that the results of a recent public opinion poll supported their party's platform regarding sexual harassment. Because both candidates saw the information as supporting their belief, it is clear that both were victims of: A) functional fixedness. B) mental set. C) belief bias. D) confirmation bias.
D
13. Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to: A) allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning. B) cling to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. C) search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving. D) look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs.
D
15. Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of: A) belief bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness.
D
18. Rudy is 6 feet 6 inches tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer, you are a victim of: A) belief bias. B) mental set. C) functional fixedness. D) the representativeness heuristic.
D
20. Representativeness and availability are examples of: A) mental sets. B) belief bias. C) algorithms. D) heuristics.
D
22. Your stand on an issue such as the use of nuclear power for electricity involves personal judgment. In such a case, one memorable occurrence can weigh more heavily than a bookful of data, thus illustrating: A) belief perseverance. B) confirmation bias. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) the availability heuristic.
D
23. Assume that Congress is considering revising its approach to welfare and to this end is hearing a range of testimony. A member of Congress who uses the availability heuristic would be most likely to: A) want to experiment with numerous possible approaches to see which of these seems to work best. B) want to cling to approaches to welfare that seem to have had some success in the past. C) refuse to be budged from his or her beliefs despite persuasive testimony to the contrary. D) base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given, even though many of the statistics presented run counter to this testimony.
D
32. The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of: A) syntax. B) grammar. C) phonemic structure. D) semantics.
D
33. The sentence "Blue jeans wear false smiles" has correct ________ but incorrect ________. A) morphemes; phonemes B) phonemes; morphemes C) semantics; syntax D) syntax; semantics
D
37. One reason an English-speaking adult may have difficulty pronouncing Russian words is that: A) the vocal tracts of English- and Russian-speaking people develop differently in response to the demands of the two languages. B) although English and Russian have very similar morphemes, their phonemic inventories are very different. C) although English and Russian have very similar phonemes, their morphemic inventories are very different. D) after the babbling stage, a child who hears only English stops uttering other phonemes.
D
41. Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of: A) imitation. B) reinforcement. C) association. D) all of the above.
D
43. Which of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone? A) Children master the complicated rules of grammar with ease. B) Children create sentences they have never heard. C) Children make the kinds of mistakes that suggest they are attempting to apply rules of grammar. D) Children raised in isolation from language spontaneously begin speaking words.
D
47. Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language until they are teenagers: A) are unable to master the basic words of sign language. B) learn the basic words but not how to order them. C) are unable to master either the basic words or syntax of sign language. D) never become as fluent as those who learned to sign at a younger age.
D
50. Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that: A) language is primarily a learned ability. B) language is partially an innate ability. C) the size of a person's vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence. D) our language shapes our thinking.
D
54. Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? A) Language determines everything about our thinking. B) Language determines the way we think. C) Thinking without language is not possible. D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.
D
55. The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of: A) trial and error. B) heuristics. C) functional fixedness. D) insight.
D
56. Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that: A) monkeys demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order. B) chimpanzees regularly use branches, stones, and other objects as tools in their natural habitats. C) chimps invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers. D) all of the above occur.
D
59. Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to: A) use symbols meaningfully. B) acquire speech. C) acquire even a limited vocabulary. D) use syntax in communicating.
D
60. Which of the following has been argued by critics of ape language research? A) Ape language is merely imitation of the trainer's behavior. B) There is little evidence that apes can equal even a 3-year-old's ability to order words with proper syntax. C) By seeing what they wish to see, trainers attribute greater linguistic ability to apes than actually exists. D) All of the above have been argued.
D
62. By creating a label such as "gifted," we begin to act as if all children are naturally divided into two categories, gifted and nongifted. This logical error is referred to as: A) rationalization. B) nominalizing. C) factor analysis. D) reification.
D
66. The existence of ________ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality. A) adaptive skills B) mental retardation C) general intelligence D) savant syndrome
D
67. Don's intelligence scores were only average, but he has been enormously successful as a corporate manager. Psychologists Sternberg and Wagner would probably suggest that: A) Don's verbal intelligence exceeds his performance intelligence. B) Don's performance intelligence exceeds his verbal intelligence. C) Don's academic intelligence exceeds his practical intelligence. D) Don's practical intelligence exceeds his academic intelligence.
D
68. Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for her friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses a high degree of: A) g. B) social intelligence. C) practical intelligence. D) emotional intelligence.
D
69. Which of the following best describes the relationship between creativity and intelligence? A) Creativity appears to depend on the ability to think imaginatively and has little if any relationship to intelligence. B) Creativity is best understood as a certain kind of intelligence. C) The more intelligent a person is, the greater his or her creativity. D) A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.
D
71. When highly skilled people are performing a task, their brains: A) retrieve information from memory more quickly. B) register simple stimuli more quickly. C) demonstrate a more complex brain-wave response to stimuli. D) do all of the above.
D
73. Benito was born in 1937. In 1947, he scored 130 on an intelligence test. What was Benito's mental age when he took the test? A) 9 B) 10 C) 11 D) 13
D
75. A 6-year-old child has a mental age of 9. The child's IQ is: A) 96. B) 100. C) 125. D) 150.
D
77. The formula for the intelligence quotient was devised by: A) Sternberg. B) Binet. C) Terman. D) Stern.
D
84. The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a: A) g distribution. B) standardization curve. C) bimodal distribution. D) normal distribution.
D
85. Over the past 80 years, college aptitude test scores have ________ and WAIS scores have ________. A) declined; remained stable B) remained stable; declined C) risen; declined D) declined; risen
D
89. You would not use a test of hearing acuity as an intelligence test because it would lack: A) content reliability. B) predictive reliability. C) predictive validity. D) content validity.
D
9. Boris the chess master selects his next move by considering moves that would threaten his opponent's queen. His opponent, a chess-playing computer, selects its next move by considering all possible moves. Boris is using a(n) ________ and the computer is using a(n) ________. A) algorithm; heuristic B) prototype; mental set C) mental set; prototype D) heuristic; algorithm
D
90. Which of the following is true of people who score high on aptitude tests? A) They achieve greater career success. B) They are likely to be happier. C) They always do well in college. D) None of the above is true.
D
95. A high-school psychologist who is looking at a student's intelligence score finds a jump of 30 points between the earliest score at age 2 and the most recent at age 17. The psychologist's knowledge of testing would probably lead her to conclude that such a jump: A) indicates that different tests were used, creating an apparent change in intelligence level, although it actually remained stable. B) signals a significant improvement in the child's environment over this period. C) is unsurprising, since intelligence scores do not become stable until late adolescence. D) is mainly the result of the age at which the first test was taken.
D
96. By what age does a child's performance on an intelligence test stabilize? A) 2 B) 3 C) 6 D) 7
D
According to memory researcher Daniel Schacter, blocking occurs when: A) our inattention to details produces encoding failure. B) we confuse the source of information. C) our beliefs influence our recollections. D) information is on the tip of our tongue, but we can't get it out.
D
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those: A) at the beginning of the list. B) at the end of the list. C) at the end and in the middle of the list. D) in the middle of the list.
D
Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain. A) frontal lobes B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hippocampus
D
Complete this analogy: Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: A) encoding is to storage. B) storage is to encoding. C) recognition is to recall. D) recall is to recognition.
D
Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that included v, q, y, and j. He later recalled these letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the original letters had been encoded: A) automatically. B) visually. C) semantically. D) acoustically.
D
Echoic memories fade after approximately: A) 1 hour. B) 1 minute. C) 1 second. D) 3 to 4 seconds.
D
Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate—especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions—because of: A) encoding failure. B) state-dependent memory. C) proactive interference. D) memory construction.
D
In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low-, medium-, or high tone. The participants were able to report: A) all three rows with perfect accuracy. B) only the top row of letters. C) only the middle row of letters. D) any one of the three rows of letters.
D
In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had: A) learned the words on land, that is, in the more familiar context. B) learned the words underwater, that is, in the more exotic context. C) learned the words and been tested on them in different contexts. D) learned the words and been tested on them in the same context.
D
Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in subjects who were: A) awake during the retention interval, presumably because decay was reduced. B) asleep during the retention interval, presumably because decay was reduced. C) awake during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced. D) asleep during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced.
D
Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory: A) was lost when surgery took place within 1 hour of learning. B) was lost when surgery took place within 24 hours of learning. C) was lost when any region of the brain was removed. D) remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with.
D
Long-term potentiation refers to: A) the disruptive influence of old memories on the formation of new memories. B) the disruptive influence of recent memories on the retrieval of old memories. C) our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. D) the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning.
D
Memory for skills is called: A) explicit memory. B) declarative memory. C) prime memory. D) implicit memory.
D
Memory researchers are suspicious of long-repressed memories of traumatic events that are "recovered" with the aid of drugs or hypnosis because: A) such experiences usually are vividly remembered. B) such memories are unreliable and easily influenced by misinformation. C) memories of events happening before about age 3 are especially unreliable. D) of all of the above reasons.
D
Memory techniques such as the method of loci, acronyms, and the peg-word system are called: A) consolidation devices. B) imagery techniques. C) encoding strategies. D) mnemonic devices.
D
One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as: A) consolidating. B) organization. C) encoding. D) chunking.
D
Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that: A) when quizzed immediately, people can recall very little, due to the stress of witnessing an accident. B) when questioned as little as one day later, their memory was very inaccurate. C) most people had very accurate memories as much as six months later. D) people's recall may easily be affected by misleading information.
D
The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of: A) state dependency. B) encoding failure. C) priming. D) déjà vu.
D
The three steps in memory information processing are: A) input, processing, output. B) input, storage, output. C) input, storage, retrieval. D) encoding, storage, retrieval.
D
When he was 8 years old, Frank was questioned by the police about a summer camp counselor suspected of molesting children. Even though he was not, in fact, molested by the counselor, today 19-year-old Frank "remembers" the counselor touching him inappropriately. Frank's false memory is an example of which "sin" of memory? A) blocking B) transience C) misattribution D) suggestibility
D
Which of the following illustrates the constructive nature of memory? A) Janice keeps calling her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend's name. B) After studying all afternoon and then getting drunk in the evening, Don can't remember the material he studied. C) After getting some good news, elated Kareem has a flood of good memories from his younger years. D) Although elderly Mrs. Harvey, who has Alzheimer's disease, has many gaps in her memory, she invents sensible accounts of her activities so that her family will not worry.
D
Which of the following is not a measure of retention? A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) retrieval
D
Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory? A) suddenly remembering to buy bread while standing in the checkout line at the grocery store B) recalling the name of someone from high school while looking at his or her yearbook snapshot C) remembering to make an important phone call D) remembering what you were doing on September 11, 2001, when terrorists crashed planes into the World Trade Center towers
D
