AP Psychology Chapter 9
priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to
encoding
when first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called
rehearsal
as an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. they were making use of
the method of loci
chunking refers to
the organization of information into meaningful units
where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored?
verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus
iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________ is to __________
visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates
The misinformation effect
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
Long-term potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Amnesia
The loss of memory
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of
Acoustic encoding
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as
Deja vu
Mnemonics
Memory aids
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates _________ memory
Echoic
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Cerebellum is to __________ memory as hippocampus is to __________ memory
Implicit; explicit
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Imagery
Mental pictures
Negative recalled primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates
Mood-congruent memory
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to
Priming
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
Recall
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the __________ effect
Serial position
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of
Semantic encoding
"The magical number seven plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of __________ memoryw
Short-term
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called __________ memorh
Short-term
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness, or to encode it for storage
Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Deja vu
The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"
Semantic encoding
The encoding of meaning
Visual encoding
The encoding of picture images
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention and is achieved through mass study or practice
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information
The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of
Working memory
the process of encoding refers to
getting information into memory
the process of retrieval refers to
getting information out of memory storage
by creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college text books. this best illustrates the benefits of
hierarchical organization
the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the tv screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. to his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. his experience best illustrates __________ memory
iconic
acronyms are to chunking as the method of loci is to
imagery
semantic encoding is to visual encoding as __________ is to __________
meaning; imagery
a mnemonic device is a
memory aid
our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. this fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
memory construction
storage is to encoding as __________ is to __________
retention; acquisition
the smell of freshly baked break awakened in mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. the aroma apparently acted as a powerful
retrieval cue
the title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
retrieval failure