AP Psychology Chapter 9

priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

encoding

when first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called

rehearsal

as an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. they were making use of

the method of loci

chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored?

verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus

iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________ is to __________

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

Sensory memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates

The misinformation effect

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Encoding

The processing of information into the memory system

Long-term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Storage

The retention of encoded information over time

Long-term potentiation

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Amnesia

The loss of memory

Flashbulb memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

Relearning

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Echoic memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Hippocampus

A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage

Working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of

Acoustic encoding

Short-term memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Source amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

Deja vu

Mnemonics

Memory aids

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates _________ memory

Echoic

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Cerebellum is to __________ memory as hippocampus is to __________ memory

Implicit; explicit

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Imagery

Mental pictures

Negative recalled primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

Mood-congruent memory

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Serial position effect

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to

Priming

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

Recall

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the __________ effect

Serial position

Implicit memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of

Semantic encoding

"The magical number seven plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of __________ memoryw

Short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called __________ memorh

Short-term

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Rehearsal

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness, or to encode it for storage

Retroactive interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Deja vu

The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"

Semantic encoding

The encoding of meaning

Visual encoding

The encoding of picture images

Acoustic encoding

The encoding of sound

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention and is achieved through mass study or practice

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

Working memory

the process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory

the process of retrieval refers to

getting information out of memory storage

by creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college text books. this best illustrates the benefits of

hierarchical organization

the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the tv screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. to his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. his experience best illustrates __________ memory

iconic

acronyms are to chunking as the method of loci is to

imagery

semantic encoding is to visual encoding as __________ is to __________

meaning; imagery

a mnemonic device is a

memory aid

our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. this fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction

storage is to encoding as __________ is to __________

retention; acquisition

the smell of freshly baked break awakened in mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. the aroma apparently acted as a powerful

retrieval cue

the title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure