Ap psychology exam review
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
automatic processing
While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of
automatic processing
Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment?
because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study
While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that
body weight has no casual reading abilities of children
Ashelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Ashelle's strategy best demonstrates
confirmation bias
because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, mrs zumpano, a second grade teacher, watched boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. mrs zumpano survellience strategy best illustrates
confirmation bias
university students were asked to figure out the rule to devise the 3 number sequence 2-4-6. after generating sets of 3 numbers to learn whether their sets met. the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rules. their errors best illustrated the impact of
confirmation bias
Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by
context effects
a researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the. study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
debriefing
watching a tv soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea. to recall. several instances. in. which her. husband had mistreated her. the effect of the tv program on Andreas recall provides an example of
priming
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
people are more likely to take less time to recognize a women as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a women more closely resembles their nurse
prototype
When an eye witness to an auto Accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used
recall
An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?
recognition
In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
rehearsal
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?
replication
Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates:
repression
although Yusuf was having difficulty recalling the capital of Netherlands, he. quickly and correct identified it after being given a list of cities in. the Netherlands. Yusuf initial inability to recall the answer was due to. failure in
retrieval
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
retroactive interference
after studying biology all afternoon, alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzos difficulty illustrates that
retroactive interference
a picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split brain patient. the individual will be able to use her
right hand to indicate she saw a mouse
Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates
rosy retrospection
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
semantic encoding
The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of
semantic encoding
When asked to recall a list of words including, "plump, crook, and child," people frequently recalled "fat, criminal, and kid." This best illustrates the impact of
semantic encoding
to remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susans strategy. is an effective memory aid because it facilitates
semantic encoding
When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of
semantics
For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
sensory nuerons
at your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers one at a time. as you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. by the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the. names at the beginning and the last names you heard. which of the following best explains your experience
serial position effect
After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.
short-term
After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
source amnesia
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
standard deviation
When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?
standard deviation
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
state-dependent memory
Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is
storage
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
storage
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
students scores tended to be very similar to one another
a European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver "can you please ride to the airport me give?" this visitor has apparently not yet mastered the of the English language
syntax
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by
the availability heuristic
Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
the availability heuristic
by encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners policies. they are most clearly exploiting the influence of
the availability heuristic
The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
the bodys release of stress hormones
to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the clients current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. which research method has the psychologist used
the case study
Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with appendicitis that she erroneously concluded that she needed to have her appendix removed. Jacquelyns conclusion best illustrate the influence of
the framing effect
Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:
the framing effect
noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children's facilitated by
the framing effect
If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that
the intelligence of the parents and children is positively correlated
Leland's language does not distinguish between "family love" and "romantic love," so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland's difficulty?
the linguistic determinism hypothesis
Jamal cites his cousin luanas many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmals prejudicial conclusion about women driving skills best illustrates the effects of
the representative heuristic
Jerome believes that his 4 year old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boys constant movement resembles Jeromes prototype of his hyperactivity. Jeromes thinking bear illustrates
the representative heuristic
miss jan de jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. she enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes 3 Liberians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. a tendency to conclude that jan must be one of the three Liberians would illustrate the powerful influence of
the representative heuristic
mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an older person must be indicative of alziemers disease best illustrates the impact of
the representative heuristics
the tendency to conclude that a person likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of
the representative heuristics
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
the spacing effect
Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of
the spacing effect
Chomsky suggested that diverse human languages share a
universal grammar
Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?
I will forget. most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but. the info I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is
6 1/2
six month old ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3 year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. this fact would most direly challenge
Benjamin whorfs linguistic determinism hypothesis
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?
They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.
Kevin so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Kevin's shortsightedness best illustrates
a fixation
Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself "its always best to stick with your first answer" anikas decision best illustrates the use of
a heuristic
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of
a hypothesis
According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of
a theory
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:
an algorithm
having spent his childhood in the Middle East, parviz did not begin speaking English until he was a teenager. when he pronounces words such as "mother", native English speakers hear a word that sounds more like "mudder" which of the following is the best explanation of this phenomenon?
as an infant, parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of
assuming that correlation proves causation
You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by
positive transfer
Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is
depressed
Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires
effortful processing
Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of
encoding failure
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
encoding failure
our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to
encoding failure
Marlene forgot to bring her pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlenes oversight best illustrates
functional fixedness
Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names?
group 2 list provides more retrieval cues, making the recognition task easier for them
When asked to indicate whether San Diego or San Antonio has more inhabitants, more German university students answered correctly than did American university students. This best illustrated the adaptive value of a(n)
heuristic
Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his
hippocampus
Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of:
priming
Dr. DeVries is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest is high school seniors, and the sample consists of students who attend an exclusive college preparatory school. Half of the sample receives practice in solving particular types of problems, while the other half does not. Both groups take the same problem-solving test. Which of the following might best explain why Dr. DeVries may not be able to generalize his findings?
his sample is representative of the population
the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the tv screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. to his surprise however he has retained a momentary mental image of the 5. digit zip code. his experiences best. illustrate
iconic
Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates
illusory correlation
on the telephone, Dominic rattles of a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempt to write down the items. she is most likely to forget the items
in the middle of the list.
Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of
infantile amnesia
In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association?
informed consent
The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve
interference
it has been suggested that alaskan eskimos rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. this suggestion most clearly illustrates
linguistic determinism
Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?
mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it. was not encoded into long-term memory
the beginning of babies receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to
match another persons distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
motivated forgetting
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are
negatively correlated
a football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. this best illustrates the activity of multiple
neural networks
in the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep." what is the dependent variable
number of terms remembered
when Larina entered high school she was certain that she would never eat any junk food, sold in the vending machines. by the end of tenth grade, however, Larina was munching on at least one bag of chips a day. larinas experience best illustrates
overconfidence
in 1848, phineas gage, a railroad constructor foreman, survived when an explosion drove and iron rod through his head.the once. friendly, soft spoken gage. became irritable and dishonest. gages case provided evidence that which region of his brain plays a role in personality and behavior?
parietal lobes
When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common
phonemes
In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)
population
As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?
working memory