AP Psychology--Human Development Quiz

Which of the following statements uses the term "maturation" correctly as a developmental psychologist would use it?

"You can't potty train a newborn because they lack the brain and muscle maturation necessary to do it."

conventional stage of morality

-Kohlberg -Person is concerned with maintaining expectations & rules of family, group, nation, or society. -Sense of guilt has developed -Person values conformity, loyalty, & active maintenance of social order & control -Conformity =-good behavior, what helps another

A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to be:

Generativity vs Stagnation

This style of parenting calls for imposing rules and demanding obedience without debate or discussion between parent and child.

authoritarian

Parenting Styles

authoritarian, permissive (open-minded), and authoritative (responsibilities and friendliness)

Cody is 9 years old. He hit his brother while they were playing a game and his brother started crying. His mom asked him why hitting his brother is wrong, and he told her that it's wrong because he knows that "people aren't supposed to hit other people." Cody is most likely in which of Kholberg's stages of moral development?

Conventional: right vs wrong is based on societal conventions and expectations.

Storm stress

G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage he labeled adolescence

When did Piaget believe a person's Moral Relativism stage begins?

Around age ten- believing in fixed, universal rules and judging actions by their consequences.

Expects children to obey parenting without question

Authoritarian

Which parenting style is MOST correlated with confident, competent, self-directed children?

Authoritative (these parents are warm but also maintain clear rules and encourage their children to ask questions-they give their children responsibility but allow them choices)

Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane's behavior?

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

self efficacy

Bandura; cognitive social learning theory; expectancy that one's efforts will be successful

What is the main task of the embryo in the embryonic period?

Cell specalization and the beginning formation of the organs.

While human development is influenced by both nature and nurture, which of the following developmental phenomena is the MOST infleunced by environmental forces? a. maturation b. cohort effect c. genotype d. developmental forms e. temperament

Cohort effect (the difference between groups who grew up at different times)

Harry Harlow's experiment with monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of:

Contact

Which of the following forms the basis of the human attatchment bond between infant and caregiver?

Contact comfort

During a discussion in class regarding cheating in school, a student argues, "Cheating is wrong, it is important to follow rules." Lawrence Kohlberg would say this student is in what stage of moral development?

Conventional

Ethel, who is 80 years old, lost her husband last year, and her children hardly ever come to visit. She looks back on her life with a lot of regret. According to Erik Erikson she is experiencing:

Despair

Many experts of parenting recommend different approaches to respond to an infant's needs. Some emphasize responding promptly to a newborn's cries to instill a sense of security, whereas others suggest letting the baby"cry it out" Which accounts of development would be most relevant when weighing these different approaches?

Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial stages

Eight-year-old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teachers and parents. According to Erikson's theory, failure at this stage of development results in

FEelings of Inferiority

What is the overall theme of social development in childhood, according to Erik Erikson?

Feeling confident in your ability to function in the world

Sigmund Freud proposed that children who struggled to pass through five psychosexual stages of development woudl develop that leads to neurotic behavior in adulthood. What did Freud call the failure to progress through a development stage?

Fixation

Erikson said that when you are a teenager, your main goal is to find your

Identity

According to Erikson, those in their late teens struggle with which of the following?

Identity vs. role confusion

Early specialists in lifespan development placed greater emphasis on the concept of critical periods, but recent developmental theorists are more likely to emphasize the idea of sensitive periods to development. Which of the following BESET supports the concept of critical periods? a. in the same manner that geese imprint to a mother, human infants must have exposure to a critical care provider soon after birth to form an attachment b. Erikson and Freud argued that missed opportunities in the first few years of life could lead to unhealthy dependency in adulthood c. teratogens such as alcohol may interrupt prenatal development and cause irreversible effects in later physical and cognitive development through the lifespan

If not exposed to language in the first few years of life, the "language acquisition device" proposed by Noam Chomsky will not activate and the ability to use language is lost.

inner speech

In Vygotsky's theory, the way in by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges, through silently repeating information or talking to themselves.

What is the third stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Individuals are receptive to societal approval or disapproval of their behavior.

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence that an infant's temperament affects the attachment bond between infant and parent?

Infants who are "difficult" are more likely to be insecurely attached than infants who are "easy".

As a preschooler, Emma has developed a number of cognitive and social skills that she will use to assume responsibility. According to Erik Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Emma in?

Initiative versus guilt

Claire just celebrated her 90th birthday with her family and close friends. According to Erik Erikson, she has probably achieved: A) Isolation B) Integrity C) Despair D) Autonomy E) Stagnation

Integrity

During the preoperational stage

Intense language learning takes place

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, during the preconventional stage of moral development children tend to:

Interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences

Which one of the following children is displaying preconventional thought?

Kevin decides not to skip class because he will get in trouble with the principal.

Preconventional stage of morality

Kohlberg's first level of moral development, in which children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences, viewing behaviors that result in punishment as bad and those that lead to rewards good

Who developed the theory that the concept of morality is established in three stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the findings of existing research on infant's motor development?

Major milestones, such as crawling and walking, are thought to be sequentially universal and predominantly genetic.

In babies, the response to a feeling of lost bodily support - like falling - that involves a splaying out of the limbs is called what? a. orienting reflex b. moro reflex c. rooting reflex

Moro reflex (a "startle" reflex)

Identical twins who were seperated at birth and raised in seperate families still showed striking similarities in their personalities and interests throughout their lifetime. This example shows the relative impact of what on human development?

Nature

Which finding BEST provides evidence for the assertion that the effect of the environment does not begin at birth?

Newborns prefer their mother's voice at birth. The fetus would have had to hear and remember the voice while in the womb in order to be born with that preference. Not something that could be genetic.

The rooting reflex is an infant's tendency to:

Open mouth and turn head when touched on the cheek

The Clutterbucks want to have a free-flowing relationship with their children. The Clutterbuck children do not have rules that they are expected to follow and know they can tell their parents anything without judgement or punishment. How would a psychologist likely label the Clutterbucks' parenting style?

Permissive

The ____ parenting style uses a "hands off" approach, where children learn from the consequences of their actions. The parent considers themselves as a friend to their child.

Permissive

Object permanence

Piaget

Mary Ann is babysitting one-year-old Emily Michelle. The baby was comfortable with Mary Ann while her parents were still home, but began to cry when they left. When the parents returned, Emily Michelle eagerly hugged them. What is Emily Michelle's behavior likely a sign of? a. secure, normal attachment b. still being in the critical period, which is normal c. still being Piaget's sensorimotor stage when she should have advanced to the formal operational stage

Secure, normal attachment

What are the long-term differences between securely and insecurely attached infants?

Securely attached infants have healthier relationships later in life.

positive psychology

Seligman; field that studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Authoritative parents can best be defined as:

Supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children

Harry Harlow conducted an experiment in which infant rhesus monkeys were placed in an enclosure with two artificial mothers. The first mother was made of cloth and provided contact comfort but no food. The second mother was made of wire and provided food but no contact comfort. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes Harlow's conclusion?

The monkeys had an innate need for attachment developed through physical contact with the cloth mother.

Which of the following BEST explains why babies have poor vision for the first few weeks of life?

The neural connections to the visual cortex are not fully connected.

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, a stranger would enter the room where an infant was playing with their parent. The parent would leave the child with the stranger and then return after a short period of time. The experiment concluded after about three minutes. Given that the majority of infants showed some distress when the parent left the room, what is the MOST important ethical consideriation in conducting a similar human study today?

The researcher must ensure that any distress caused by the experimental procedure is not harmful to the infant.

According to researcher Erik Erikson, children who experience a secure attatchment to their parent(s) are more likely to feel

basic trust (developed when children with secure attatchments who have been brought up in a positive environment have a sense that the world around them is predictable and reliable. Allows for a positive model of adult relationships that meet a person's need for safety).

Which of the following is a general trend for the maturation of motor skills?

They develop head-to-toe

Why did Lawrence Kohlberg present children with the Heinz dilemma?

To assess the children's moral development

How did Kohlberg use the Heinz Dilemma in his study on moral development?

To test the moral developmental stages of people in different age groups

The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:

Trust vs Mistrust

Scaffolding

Vygotsky

The experiment with Harry Harlow and the monkeys prove what about humans?

We need human touch to survive.

Postconventional stage of morality

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is based on our own moral reasoning, evaluate the morality of societal rules

According to Jean Piaget, what type of learning do individuals acquire during the formal operational stage?

abstract thought

Adjusting current schemas to make sense of new information is called

accommodation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called:

assimilation

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is used to test young children's

attachment

Imprinting involves the process of

attatchment (the emotional bond created between a child and their caregiver). Imprinting occurs when certain animals form an attatchment at an early and critical stage of their development. Occurs without influence of behavior and attatchment involves the need to seek a safe emotional bond.

What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development?

critical period

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to

cry when their mothers leave them

Stages of Death

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentricism

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

gender typing

40-year-old Stacy feels socially useful in her career as a teacher. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Stacy experiences a sense of

generatively

Researchers who attempt to estimate the influence of genetics--as compared to the influence of the environment--on the expression of a trait are studying

heritability

If Elliott doesn't litter because against his own core values to do so, what stage of Kohlberg's moral development does this reflect?

post conventional

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

The sensorimotor stage focuses primarily on. . .

motor skills

An awareness that objects continue to exist when out of sight is called:

object permanence

Which of the following is least likely to be a teratogen?

peanuts

Theory of Mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

If Jermy begs for a new electronic gadget, his parents nearly always buy it for him. What type of family is this?

permissive

zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Piaget's theory of development contains four stages. Which of the following is not one of the four stages?

preconventional

A child who responds to a moral dilemma with "You will get in trouble. Don't do it!" is most likely operating at what stage of Kolhberg's theory of moral development?

preconventional level: punishments, rewards, and authority influences our behavior and decision-making abilities.

Vygotsky noted that children can achieve beyond their current abilities with assistance. This assistance that is provided to children to bridge the gap is known as:

scaffolding

Cindy understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Cindy is clearly in Piaget's ____ stage

sensorimotor

What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

sensorimotor

Luis is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children apparently differ in:

temperament

Jean Piaget defined egocentricism as

the idea that preschool children cannot see things from another's point of view

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

The Starrs are playing with their new baby and love how when they stroke their infant's cheek, he turns his head towards them and starts sucking. They think their baby is especially gifted, but in truth, this is something all newborns do. What is this reflex called?

the rooting reflex

Andrew, who is four, now understands that even though he loved the new cartoon movie about cars, his sister Alexis did not feel the same way. The ability of Andrew to understand that others may not see the world in the same way he does shows his development of which of the following?

theory of mind

Which is the correct order of gestation

zygote, embryo, fetus