race and ethnicity

Relations between Arab Americans and the dominant majority have been marked by mistrust, misinformation, and deeply entrenched beliefs. The ________ contributed significantly to cultural and political anti-Arab sentiment in the United States.

Arab-Israeli conflicts in the 1970s

The English had oppressed the Irish for centuries, eradicating their language and culture and discriminating against their religion which was ________, even though the Irish had a larger population than the English, they were a subordinate, disadvantaged group.

Catholicism

________ are often seen as a model minority group within the larger Hispanic group. Because they often had higher socioeconomic status when they arrived in this country, as well as an anti-Communist agenda. However, being a model minority can mask the issue of powerlessness that these minority groups face in U.S. society.

Cuban Americans

________, perhaps because of their relative wealth and education level at the time of immigration, have fared better than many immigrants. Further, because they were fleeing a Communist country, they were given refugee status and offered protection and social services by the U.S. government.

Cuban Americans

Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?

Functionalism

contact hypothesis:

Gordon Allport's theory that emphasizes the importance of interpersonal communication in reducing stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination

Sociology Daniel Myers stated that the cultural assimilation of ________ is "almost complete, but with remnants of ethnicity." The presence of enclave neighborhoods, originally segregated slums dating from the nineteenth century continue to exist today.

Italian Americans

Historically, the most recent large-scale Asian immigration has come from ________ and ________.

Korea: Vietnam

While ________ immigration has been fairly gradual, ________ immigration occurred primarily post-1975, as political refugees, seeking asylum from harsh conditions in their homeland, came to the United States.

Korean; Vietnamese

________ indicates that racial prejudice is formed through communications and relations between members of the dominant group, and without these scenarios, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. These scenarios allow the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and to maintain the status quo

Possible answers: -Functionalist theory. X -Racism theory -Interaction theory -Intersection theory

The U.S. Census has struggled with the issue of Arab identity. The most recent Census did not offer an "Arab" box to check under the question of race. Individuals who want to be counted as Arabs had to check the box for "Some other race" and then write in their race. However, when the Census data is tallied, they will be marked as ________, effectively denying Arab Americans opportunities for federal assistance.

White

subordinate group:

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

dominant group:

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

scapegoat theory:

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

minority group:

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

Stereotypes

are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society.

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?"

asain americans

A/an ________ is likely to study the struggles between the ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities. They may also examine how these inequalities influence daily life for minorities.

conflict theorist

A small city government works to reduce racism by hosting several events and providing opportunities for the majority and minority groups to work together on projects, thereby increasing interpersonal communication. This is an example of the ________ in action.

contact hypothesis

Scapegoat theory shows that:

dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems

Which of these would be reflective of how Native American populations were reduced from approximately 12 million people in the year 1500 to barely 237,000 by the year 1900 (Lewy 2004) by European settlers who coerced American Indians off their own lands, often causing thousands of deaths in forced removals and the introduction of European diseases for which the Indians' lacked immunity? -pluralism -assimilation -expulsion -genocide

genocide

The social construction of race is represented

in the way names for racial categories change with changing times and include only certain people.

Contact hypothesis states that

interactions between different groups plays an important role in reducing stereotypes and discrimination

What is the one defining feature of a minority group?

lack of power

Groups that are subordinate, or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin are referred to as

minority groups.

social identity theory:

people examine their own identity as based on group membership (in-groups and out-groups)

Ethnicity does not include shared:

physicality

Research at Stanford University suggests that people who identify as white ________ to help maintain a positive image of themselves and to continue to enjoy white privilege.

point to their own hardships

________ is a socially defined category based on physical differences between different groups of people.

race

ethnicity:

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

A term that can be used interchangeably with the term "minority" is

subordinate group.

A symbolic interactionist would emphasize how ________ related to race and ethnicity could lead to racism.

symbols

pluralism:

the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole (compare with "melting pot")

segregation:

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

redlining:

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

amalgamation:

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group (melting pot)

assimilation:

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

social construction of race:

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

The eradication of Native American culture continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans

were able to participate in and benefit from the civil rights movement.

U.S. slavery continued for 150 years. Black Africans were kidnapped from their own lands and shipped to the New World on the trans-Atlantic journey called the Middle Passage. Slave codes declared that the child of an enslaved was also enslaved,

which created the slave class in the United States. (American-born slaves were not considered citizens, and did not have the rights of citizens until slavery was abolished and the Civil Rights Bill was passed.)

When Rachael, a Black student, and Brittany, a white student, were traveling together to a conference, Brittany was surprised to learn that Rachael had been pulled over more than 10 times by suspicious police officers. Brittany could see how her skin color had offered her some advantages she hadn't considered previously. The fact that Brittany has never been pulled over before is an example of ________.

white privilege

Because we grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice, ________ highlights how easy it is to project our stereotyped impressions onto groups in the manner in which we have seen them portrayed by the media without ever understanding the extent to which this may have influenced our thought processes.

culture of prejudice

Native Americans ________ of centuries of degradation through long-term poverty, inadequate education, cultural dislocation, and high rates of unemployment which contribute to Native American populations falling to the bottom of the economic spectrum with lower life expectancies than most groups in the United States.

still suffer the effects

expulsion:

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

intersection theory:

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?

they are the only group that did not come here as immigrants

Government-sponsored, formalized discrimination against African Americans has been outlawed in the United States. This is evidence that

true equality does not yet exist.