AP Psychology - Learning
unconditional response
Also known as the natural response
habituation
"Getting tired" of eating the same food is another example of _____.
Immediate reinforcers
"instant" gratification
Fixed-ratio schedules
(Reinforcement schedule) For every 10 sandwiches you buy, get one free!
Variable-ratio schedules
(Reinforcement schedule) Slot machines, lottery tickets, other forms of gambling
Fixed-interval schedules
(Reinforcement schedule) a paycheck, grades
Variable-interval schedules
(Reinforcement schedule) checking text messages, notifications, dating
Fixed-ratio schedules
(Reinforcement schedule) common forms of marketing
True
(T/F) ABA uses positive reinforcement and avoided punishment whenever possible
True
(T/F) In the cases of raising children, punishment (especially physical) can negatively reinforce unwanted behaviors
False
(T/F) Operant conditioning is instantaneous
True
(T/F): For much of the 20th century, psychologists discounted the influence of inner thoughts and emotions as explanations for behaviors.
True
(T/F): New behaviors take around 66 days to become habitual.
False
(T/F): Pavlov's experiments with the dogs were motivated by his desire to learn more about psychology.
True
(T/F): Teachers who grade in red pen instead of black pen usually spend more time grading the papers and make more comments.
True
(T/F): When a taste becomes associated with an immune system response, the body produces antibodies when presented with that taste.
Acquisition
the initial stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus is linked with the unconditioned stimulus
learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors.
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Generalization
describes the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elect a conditioned response
operant
A token economy is a classic example of _______ conditioning
US, conditional, conditioned
After conditioning, the _____ is removed, the subject is presented with the now-titled _____ stimulus ( tuning fork) that elicits a ______ response (Salivation)
Edward L. Thorndike
B.F. Skinner based his original experiments on the work of ________, who established the law of effect by placing cats in a "puzzle box" (1898).
unconditional, unconditional
Before conditioning, the dog is presented with an _____ stimulus (food) that elicits an _____ response (salvation).
association
Both humans and animals learn by ________.
Classical Conditioning
describes a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
fear and/or dread
Children and students begin associating _____ with the places or people that apply physical punishment, such as abusive parents.
ecologically relevant
Classical conditioning is far more effective when it is ____ ____.
reinforcement
describes any event or stimulus that increases the probability a response will occur
neutral
During conditioning, the UCS is presented with a _____ stimulus (tone of a tuning fork)
taste
Garcia's experiment demonstrated that the rats would still develop a CR to avoid the _____ of the food they came to associate with the illness.
psychological, physiological
Habituation is different from sensory adaptation in that the former is a mostly ________ phenomenon while the latter is ______.
Habituation is different from sensory adaptation in that the former is a mostly psychological phenomenon while the latter is physiological. Adaptation is the effect of sensory neurons firing less in response to a constant stimulus. Once that stimulus is removed or changed, our sensitively goes bock to normal. Habituation, once formed, permanently reduced our sensitively to a stimulus.
How is habituation different from sensory adaptation?
spontaneous recovery
If the subject is no longer exposed to the conditioned stimulus for a short period of time, then _____ can occur, in which a conditioned response reappears after its apparent extinction
timing, half a second
In classical conditioning, _____ is an important aspect of learning. It works best when the subject is exposed to the UCS _____ after the neutral stimulus.
immediate, consistent, and paired with reinforcement of a desired behavior
In order for punishment to be effective, it must be _____ (3 things?)
precedes, comes after
In the classical conditioning, the timing of the stimulus _____ (precedes / comes after) the response, while in operant conditioning it _____ (precedes / comes after) the response.
Punishment
describes any event that decreases the likelihood of a voluntary behavior
NO!
Is habituation associative learning?
generalization
in operant condoning, as the child associates the desired response (fear/discipline) with the person/place providing the punishment
secondary
Money is a ______ reinforcer
partial (intermittent)
Most real-life reinforcement of operant behavior is ________ reinforcement.
associative learning
Originally interested in researching digestive processes, Pavlov discovered the basic function of _______ when experimenting on the feeding of dogs
aversive; pleasurable
Positive punishment imposes an _____ stimulus while negative punishment withdraws a _____ stimulus
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
a response is reinforced only part of the time, resulting in a slower learning process but much greater resistance to extinction
discourages
Punishment (encourages/discourages) behavior
discrimination; fear
Punishment teaches _______ and _____.
encourages
Reinforcement (encourages/discourages) behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removes an adverse stimulus to encourage desired behavior
Negative Punishment
Removes rewarding stimulus to discourage undesirable behavior
temporary, permanent
Sensory adaptation is _____ (permanent / temporary) while habituation is _____ (permanent/ temporary).
operant chamber
Skinner created his own version of the puzzle box, which he called an ________ (popularly known as a Skinner Box
conditioned
The NS becomes the _____ stimulus during conditioning
conditional stimulus
The neutral stimulus = ______
conditioned
The neutral stimulus becomes the ______ stimulus after conditioning
Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
The two big names associated with classical conditioning are ____ and ____.
ALWAYS
The unconditioned response is _____ the conditioned response
Fixed-ratio schedules
These schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of responses.
Continuous reinforcement
This is the fastest way to learn a behavior. However, as soon as reinforcement stops, extinction occurs more quickly (you can have a spontaneous recovery though)
1. Continuos 2. Partial/ Intermittent
What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules?
1. Acquisition 2. Extinction 3. Spontaneous Recovery 4. Generalization 5. Discrimination
What are the five Major Processes of Classical Conditioning?
1. What is being reinforced? 2. How often is it being reinforced?
What are the two main questions to consider when determining a schedule of reinforcement?
involuntary, voluntary
While classical conditioning is _______ (voluntary / involuntary), operant conditioning it ______. (voluntary / involuntary),
autonomic, central
While classical conditions involves the _____ nervous system, operant conditioning involves the _____ nervous system.
passive, active
While the role of the learner in classical conditioning is ______ (passive / active), in operant conditioning it is _____. (passive / active)
operant conditioning
a learning process in which a response to consequences either weakens or strengthens voluntary behaviors
shaping
in which the reinforcement of successive approximations achieves the ultimate desired behavior
Habituation
an example of adaptive behavior
operant conditioning chanber
any device designed to study animal behavior using combination of stimuli
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response (behavior)
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus that provides a organism with a cue for making certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
operant
any voluntary behavior
delayed reinforcers
delayed gratification
Ivan Pavlov
considered the grandfather of behaviorism, though he himself was not a psychologist.
B.F. Skinner
father of operant conditioning
adaptive
genetic predisposition to associate a CS with a UCS predictably and immediately is ______.
John Garcia
his experiments on rats demonstrated that classical and operant conditioning cannot explain all behavior
law of effect
if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated
Discrimination
in operant conditioning, refers to when an organism learns which certain responses will be punished or reinforced
positive reinforcement
increases behavior by presenting a stimulus that strengthens the response
negative reinforcement
increases behavior by stopping or reduction unpleasant stimuli
Secondary or conditioned reinforcers
influence behavior through learned association with primary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
innately satisfying stimuli, i.e. removal of pain, satisfying hunger
Associative learning
links a stimulus with another stimulus or response that creates a new behavior
ABA
often used in sports, where a behavior is broken down into smaller steps, with mastery of each step leading down into smaller steps, with mastery of each step leading to learning the continuous whole of learning the entire motion/play.
ABA
often used to help children with Autism learn difficult skills such as communicating with others and making eye contact by encouraging those behaviors using positive reinforcement and avoiding punishment whenever possible.
aggression
physical punishment models _____ as a way to cope with problems.
Variable-ratio schedules
provide reinforcement after seemingly unpredictable number of responses.
Positive Reinforcement
provides a rewarding stimulus to encourage the desired behavior
Positive Punishment
provides an adverse stimulus to discourage an undesirable behavior
Extinction
the gradual diminishing of the conditioned response when presented with only the conditioned stimulus
ABA
refers to the breaking down of a desired behavior into a series of small steps, and reinforcing each step until the behavior occurs independently of strong reinforcement
Discrimination
refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
secondary conditioning / high-level conditioning
refers to when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
Variable-interval schedules
reinforce a response at varying time intervals
Fixed-interval schedules
reinforce the response after a fixed time period
Continuous reinforcement
strengthens the desired response every time it occurs.
Variable-interval schedules
strongest long term schedule - can go on for indefinite periods of time without reinforcement
Elliot and Niesta
suggested that the prevalence of the use of things such as red lipstick, blush, and wearing red clothing makes women seem more attractive to men, without men realizing it
delayed conditioning
when the subject is exposed to the UCS half a second after the neutral stimulus