AP Psychology - Learning

unconditional response

Also known as the natural response

habituation

"Getting tired" of eating the same food is another example of _____.

Immediate reinforcers

"instant" gratification

Fixed-ratio schedules

(Reinforcement schedule) For every 10 sandwiches you buy, get one free!

Variable-ratio schedules

(Reinforcement schedule) Slot machines, lottery tickets, other forms of gambling

Fixed-interval schedules

(Reinforcement schedule) a paycheck, grades

Variable-interval schedules

(Reinforcement schedule) checking text messages, notifications, dating

Fixed-ratio schedules

(Reinforcement schedule) common forms of marketing

True

(T/F) ABA uses positive reinforcement and avoided punishment whenever possible

True

(T/F) In the cases of raising children, punishment (especially physical) can negatively reinforce unwanted behaviors

False

(T/F) Operant conditioning is instantaneous

True

(T/F): For much of the 20th century, psychologists discounted the influence of inner thoughts and emotions as explanations for behaviors.

True

(T/F): New behaviors take around 66 days to become habitual.

False

(T/F): Pavlov's experiments with the dogs were motivated by his desire to learn more about psychology.

True

(T/F): Teachers who grade in red pen instead of black pen usually spend more time grading the papers and make more comments.

True

(T/F): When a taste becomes associated with an immune system response, the body produces antibodies when presented with that taste.

Acquisition

the initial stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus is linked with the unconditioned stimulus

learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors.

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Generalization

describes the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elect a conditioned response

operant

A token economy is a classic example of _______ conditioning

US, conditional, conditioned

After conditioning, the _____ is removed, the subject is presented with the now-titled _____ stimulus ( tuning fork) that elicits a ______ response (Salivation)

Edward L. Thorndike

B.F. Skinner based his original experiments on the work of ________, who established the law of effect by placing cats in a "puzzle box" (1898).

unconditional, unconditional

Before conditioning, the dog is presented with an _____ stimulus (food) that elicits an _____ response (salvation).

association

Both humans and animals learn by ________.

Classical Conditioning

describes a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

fear and/or dread

Children and students begin associating _____ with the places or people that apply physical punishment, such as abusive parents.

ecologically relevant

Classical conditioning is far more effective when it is ____ ____.

reinforcement

describes any event or stimulus that increases the probability a response will occur

neutral

During conditioning, the UCS is presented with a _____ stimulus (tone of a tuning fork)

taste

Garcia's experiment demonstrated that the rats would still develop a CR to avoid the _____ of the food they came to associate with the illness.

psychological, physiological

Habituation is different from sensory adaptation in that the former is a mostly ________ phenomenon while the latter is ______.

Habituation is different from sensory adaptation in that the former is a mostly psychological phenomenon while the latter is physiological. Adaptation is the effect of sensory neurons firing less in response to a constant stimulus. Once that stimulus is removed or changed, our sensitively goes bock to normal. Habituation, once formed, permanently reduced our sensitively to a stimulus.

How is habituation different from sensory adaptation?

spontaneous recovery

If the subject is no longer exposed to the conditioned stimulus for a short period of time, then _____ can occur, in which a conditioned response reappears after its apparent extinction

timing, half a second

In classical conditioning, _____ is an important aspect of learning. It works best when the subject is exposed to the UCS _____ after the neutral stimulus.

immediate, consistent, and paired with reinforcement of a desired behavior

In order for punishment to be effective, it must be _____ (3 things?)

precedes, comes after

In the classical conditioning, the timing of the stimulus _____ (precedes / comes after) the response, while in operant conditioning it _____ (precedes / comes after) the response.

Punishment

describes any event that decreases the likelihood of a voluntary behavior

NO!

Is habituation associative learning?

generalization

in operant condoning, as the child associates the desired response (fear/discipline) with the person/place providing the punishment

secondary

Money is a ______ reinforcer

partial (intermittent)

Most real-life reinforcement of operant behavior is ________ reinforcement.

associative learning

Originally interested in researching digestive processes, Pavlov discovered the basic function of _______ when experimenting on the feeding of dogs

aversive; pleasurable

Positive punishment imposes an _____ stimulus while negative punishment withdraws a _____ stimulus

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

a response is reinforced only part of the time, resulting in a slower learning process but much greater resistance to extinction

discourages

Punishment (encourages/discourages) behavior

discrimination; fear

Punishment teaches _______ and _____.

encourages

Reinforcement (encourages/discourages) behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removes an adverse stimulus to encourage desired behavior

Negative Punishment

Removes rewarding stimulus to discourage undesirable behavior

temporary, permanent

Sensory adaptation is _____ (permanent / temporary) while habituation is _____ (permanent/ temporary).

operant chamber

Skinner created his own version of the puzzle box, which he called an ________ (popularly known as a Skinner Box

conditioned

The NS becomes the _____ stimulus during conditioning

conditional stimulus

The neutral stimulus = ______

conditioned

The neutral stimulus becomes the ______ stimulus after conditioning

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson

The two big names associated with classical conditioning are ____ and ____.

ALWAYS

The unconditioned response is _____ the conditioned response

Fixed-ratio schedules

These schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of responses.

Continuous reinforcement

This is the fastest way to learn a behavior. However, as soon as reinforcement stops, extinction occurs more quickly (you can have a spontaneous recovery though)

1. Continuos 2. Partial/ Intermittent

What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules?

1. Acquisition 2. Extinction 3. Spontaneous Recovery 4. Generalization 5. Discrimination

What are the five Major Processes of Classical Conditioning?

1. What is being reinforced? 2. How often is it being reinforced?

What are the two main questions to consider when determining a schedule of reinforcement?

involuntary, voluntary

While classical conditioning is _______ (voluntary / involuntary), operant conditioning it ______. (voluntary / involuntary),

autonomic, central

While classical conditions involves the _____ nervous system, operant conditioning involves the _____ nervous system.

passive, active

While the role of the learner in classical conditioning is ______ (passive / active), in operant conditioning it is _____. (passive / active)

operant conditioning

a learning process in which a response to consequences either weakens or strengthens voluntary behaviors

shaping

in which the reinforcement of successive approximations achieves the ultimate desired behavior

Habituation

an example of adaptive behavior

operant conditioning chanber

any device designed to study animal behavior using combination of stimuli

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response (behavior)

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus that provides a organism with a cue for making certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

operant

any voluntary behavior

delayed reinforcers

delayed gratification

Ivan Pavlov

considered the grandfather of behaviorism, though he himself was not a psychologist.

B.F. Skinner

father of operant conditioning

adaptive

genetic predisposition to associate a CS with a UCS predictably and immediately is ______.

John Garcia

his experiments on rats demonstrated that classical and operant conditioning cannot explain all behavior

law of effect

if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated

Discrimination

in operant conditioning, refers to when an organism learns which certain responses will be punished or reinforced

positive reinforcement

increases behavior by presenting a stimulus that strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

increases behavior by stopping or reduction unpleasant stimuli

Secondary or conditioned reinforcers

influence behavior through learned association with primary reinforcers

Primary reinforcers

innately satisfying stimuli, i.e. removal of pain, satisfying hunger

Associative learning

links a stimulus with another stimulus or response that creates a new behavior

ABA

often used in sports, where a behavior is broken down into smaller steps, with mastery of each step leading down into smaller steps, with mastery of each step leading to learning the continuous whole of learning the entire motion/play.

ABA

often used to help children with Autism learn difficult skills such as communicating with others and making eye contact by encouraging those behaviors using positive reinforcement and avoiding punishment whenever possible.

aggression

physical punishment models _____ as a way to cope with problems.

Variable-ratio schedules

provide reinforcement after seemingly unpredictable number of responses.

Positive Reinforcement

provides a rewarding stimulus to encourage the desired behavior

Positive Punishment

provides an adverse stimulus to discourage an undesirable behavior

Extinction

the gradual diminishing of the conditioned response when presented with only the conditioned stimulus

ABA

refers to the breaking down of a desired behavior into a series of small steps, and reinforcing each step until the behavior occurs independently of strong reinforcement

Discrimination

refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

secondary conditioning / high-level conditioning

refers to when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Variable-interval schedules

reinforce a response at varying time intervals

Fixed-interval schedules

reinforce the response after a fixed time period

Continuous reinforcement

strengthens the desired response every time it occurs.

Variable-interval schedules

strongest long term schedule - can go on for indefinite periods of time without reinforcement

Elliot and Niesta

suggested that the prevalence of the use of things such as red lipstick, blush, and wearing red clothing makes women seem more attractive to men, without men realizing it

delayed conditioning

when the subject is exposed to the UCS half a second after the neutral stimulus