Ap psychology myers modules 31-36
Intuition
An effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning
Anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve info from ones past
Source amnesia
Attributing to wrong source an event we have experienced heard about read about or imagined
Two word stage
Beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements
Babbling stage
Beginnings about 4 months the stage of speech development in which in infant spontaneous utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Belief perseverance
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Broca's area
Controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere hat directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernickes area
Controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram
Shallow processing
Encoding on basic level based on the structure or appearance of word s
Deep processing
Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention
Effortful memory
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likely hood of events based on their availability in memory
Divergent thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions
Déjà vu
Hat eerie sense that I've experienced this before
Aphasia
Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area
Grammar
In a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Phoneme
In a language the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory that basic defense mechanism that banishes form consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories
Misinformation effect
Incorporations into ones memory of an event
Representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant info
Recall
Measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier
Mnemonic
Memory aids especially those techniques that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Convergent thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units
Language
Our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Priming
The activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall, of new information
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Memory
The persistance of learning over time through thr encoding storage amd retrievial into the memory
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of the memory storage
Encoding
The process of information into the memory system
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
One word stage
The stage in speech development from ages 1-2 mostly single words
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experience that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
Framing
The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space time and frequency
Linguistic determinism
Wharfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long term potentiation
A increase in a cell firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
Recognition
A measure of memory in which person need only identify items previously learned
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category
Algorithm
A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Echoic memory
A momentary sensor memory of auditory stimulation
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimulation
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information
Heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Insights
A sudden realization of a problem solution contrasted with strategy based solutions
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few times briefly
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating