Ap psychology myers modules 31-36

Intuition

An effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning

Anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories

Retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve info from ones past

Source amnesia

Attributing to wrong source an event we have experienced heard about read about or imagined

Two word stage

Beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements

Babbling stage

Beginnings about 4 months the stage of speech development in which in infant spontaneous utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Belief perseverance

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Broca's area

Controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere hat directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernickes area

Controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe

Telegraphic speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram

Shallow processing

Encoding on basic level based on the structure or appearance of word s

Deep processing

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention

Effortful memory

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information

Availability heuristic

Estimating the likely hood of events based on their availability in memory

Divergent thinking

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

Déjà vu

Hat eerie sense that I've experienced this before

Aphasia

Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area

Grammar

In a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Phoneme

In a language the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme

In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory that basic defense mechanism that banishes form consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories

Misinformation effect

Incorporations into ones memory of an event

Representativeness heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant info

Recall

Measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier

Mnemonic

Memory aids especially those techniques that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Convergent thinking

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar manageable units

Language

Our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Serial position effect

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Implicit memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Priming

The activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory

Retroactive interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall, of new information

Sensory memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Memory

The persistance of learning over time through thr encoding storage amd retrievial into the memory

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of the memory storage

Encoding

The process of information into the memory system

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Parallel processing

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Long term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

One word stage

The stage in speech development from ages 1-2 mostly single words

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Mood congruent memory

The tendency to recall experience that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Framing

The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space time and frequency

Linguistic determinism

Wharfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Flashbulb memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Long term potentiation

A increase in a cell firing potential after brief rapid stimulation

Recognition

A measure of memory in which person need only identify items previously learned

Relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people

Prototype

A mental image or best example of a category

Algorithm

A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Echoic memory

A momentary sensor memory of auditory stimulation

Iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimulation

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system

Working memory

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information

Heuristics

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

Insights

A sudden realization of a problem solution contrasted with strategy based solutions

Mental set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

Confirmation bias

A tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Short term memory

Activated memory that holds a few times briefly

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating