AP Psychology: Unit 4 Review Part 2

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense? a. Semicircular canals b. Olfactory bulb c. Nociceptors d. Taste buds e. Retinas

a. Semicircular canals

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear? a. She will have trouble locating the source of sounds. b. She will not be able to hear high pitches. c. She will show less activity in her left temporal lobe. d. She will not be able to detect harmony in music. e. Her hearing overall will improve.

a. She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

Denise has damaged her auditory nerve and now has difficulty understanding what people are saying. Which of the following descriptions explains how that damage impairs her hearing? a. Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain. b. The hair cells fail to vibrate sufficiently to transmit the message. c. The ear components fail to amplify the sound to render it sufficiently detectable. d. The brain receives the sound message, but it is unable to process the sound. e. Sound vibrations are not strong enough to stimulate middle-ear activity.

a. Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain.

Neurons that fire in response to specific edges, lines angles, and movements are called what? a. rods b. cones c. ganglion cells d. feature detectors e. bipolar cells

d. feature detectors

What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements? a. rods b. cones c. foveas d. feature detectors e. ganglion cells

d. feature detectors

The three small bones of the ear are located in the a. cochlea b. outer ear c. inner ear d. middle ear e. auditory nerve

d. middle ear

Pitch depends on which of the following? a. amplitude of a sound wave b. number of hair cells stimulated c. strength of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve d. number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time e. decibels of a sound wave

d. number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time

Which of the following is the best definition for absolute threshold? a. The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time b. The highest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time c. The smallest change between two stimuli that a person can detect d. The largest change between two stimuli that a person can detect e. The difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

a. The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome? a. The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. b. The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. c. The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds at the same time. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. d. The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. e. The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds increases, each taste bud becomes less sensitive.

a. The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.

Which of the following is most closely associated hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals? a. body position b. smell c. hearing d. pain e. touch

a. body position

Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit on a warm summer day. Kimberly's brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because a. context b. ESP c. precognition d. bottom-up processing e. clairvoyance

a. context

Bringing order and form to stimuli, which illustrates how the whole differs from the sum of its parts, is called a. grouping b. monocular cue c. binocular cue d. disparity e. motion

a. grouping

Sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is an example of which sense? a. kinesthetic b. vestibular c. auditory d. umami e. olfactory

a. kinesthetic

A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but chose to wear the goggles for a half hour. After 30 minutes, the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of a. perceptual adaption b. visual interpretation c. sensory restriction d. perceptual constancy e. binocular cues

a. perceptual adaptation

Helena did not recognize her English teacher when she unexpectedly saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Helena can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept? a. Perceptual set b. Change blindness c. Synesthesia d. Functional fixedness e. Extrasensory perception

a. perceptual set

What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession? a. phi phenomenon b. perceptual constancy c. binocular cues d. retinal disparity e. depth perception

a. phi phenomenon

Frequency theory relates to which element of the hearing process? a. rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates b. number of fibers in the auditory nerve c. point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration d. decibel level of a sound e. number of hair cells in the cochlea

a. rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates

Two monocular depth cues are most responsible for our ability to know that a jet flying overhead is at an elevation of several miles. One cue is relative size, what is the other? a. relative motion b. retinal disparity c. interposition d. light and shadow e. linear perspective

a. relative motion

The view from Narmeen's left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye. This is due to which depth cue? a. retinal disparity b. relative size c. linear perspective d. relative motion e. convergence

a. retinal disparity

What do we call the conversion of stimulus energies, like sights and sounds, into neural impulses? a. transduction b. perception c. priming d. signal detection theory e. threshold

a. transduction

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying? a. Correlational; sensitivity to the taste of umami b. Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters c. Correlational; sensitivity to the taste of salt d. Experimental; sensitivity to the taste of umami e. Experimental; the sensitivity of supertasters

b. Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision? a. Retina, thalamus, optic nerve, occipital lobe b. Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe c. Optic nerve, retina, thalamus, occipital lobe d. Occipital lobe, retina, optic nerve, thalamus e. Optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe, retina

b. Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection? a. The pinna b. The cochlea c. The eardrum d. The anvil e. The hammer

b. The cochlea

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction? a. finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird looking meal tastes awful b. finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold c. finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection d. finding that the cold pool water doesn't feel so cold after a while e. all of these are examples

b. finding that food tastes bland when you have had a bad cold

Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses traveling up the auditory nerve in a unit of time? a. place theory b. frequency theory c. volley principle d. sound localization e. stereophonic hearing

b. frequency theory

What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus? a. a context effect b. perceptual set c. extrasensory perception d. emotion e. motivation

b. perceptual set

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system? a. Perception b. Sensation c. Top-down processing d. Difference threshold e. False alarm

b. sensation

Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following's best fits the physical properties of the color's waves? a. no wavelength; large amplitude b. short wavelength; large amplitude c. short wavelength; small amplitude d. long wavelength; large amplitude e. no wavelength; small amplitude

b. short wavelength; large amplitude

Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing? a. the entry-level data captured by our various sensory systems b. the effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception c. our tendency to scan a visual field top to bottom d. our inclination to follow a predetermined set of steps to process sound e. the fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches the lower brain

b. the effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception

Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory of a painful event? a. the overall length of the event b. the intensity of the pain at the end of the event c. the reason for the pain d. the amount of rest you've had in the 24 hours preceding the vent e. the specific part of the body that experiences the pain

b. the intensity of the pain at the end of the event

Light's __ is the distance from one wave peak to the next. This dimension determines the __ we experience a. hue; wavelength b. wavelength; hue c. hue; intensity d. wavelength; intensity e. intensity; wavelength

b. wavelength; hue

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition? a. Because the tree was higher than the bush in Jane's field of vision, she perceived the tree as being farther away than the bush. b. Because Miranda stared at the burger restaurant sign as she drove by it, the restaurant behind the sign looked like it was moving backward. c. Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa. d. Because the train tracks had a large angle of convergence, Miko perceived them to go quite far into the distance. e. Because all of the zucchini she had seen in the past were green, Candice continued to perceive a zucchini held under a black light as green.

c. Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa.

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception? a. Roberto sees trees that are higher up in a painting as being farther away than lower trees. b. Lindsey recognizes that her shirt's color has not changed in the dim light, even though the color is less brilliant. c. Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay. d. Doris sees a shape as a five-pointed star, even though one of the points is blocked from her vision. e. Erick has more difficulty understanding a speech made by someone with a British accent than by someone with an American accent.

c. Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

Which of the following explains reversed-color afterimages? a. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory b. the blind spot c. Hering's opponent-process theory d. feature detectors e. parallel processing

c. Hering's opponent-process theory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision? a. Manuel sees the color yellow when the E note is played. b. Conrad can identify specific features in his environment, such as color. c. Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time. d. Randy is able to process many aspects of a visual scene simultaneously. e. Russell is able to differentiate between dark green and light green.

c. Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

Signal detection theory is most closely associated with which perception process? a. vision b. sensory adaptation c. absolute thresholds d. smell e. context effects

c. absolute thresholds

What type of hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea? a. sensorineural b. window-related c. conduction d. cochlear e. basilar

c. conduction

What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? a. pupil b. iris c. cornea d. lens e. fovea

c. cornea

Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now my body is used to it. Come on in!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water due to a. perceptual set b. absolute threshold c. difference threshold d. selective attention e. sensory adaptation

c. difference threshold

Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense? a. inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it b. loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes c. dizziness and a loss of balance d. an inability to detect pain e. loss of color vision

c. dizziness and a loss of balance

Which of the following describes a perception process that the Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in? a. depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world b. why we see an object near us as closer rather than larger c. how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces d. what the smallest units of perception are e. the similarities between shape constancy and size constancy

c. how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces

Our tendency to see faces in clouds and other ambiguous stimuli is partly based on what perception principle? a. selective attention b. ESP c. perceptual set d. shape constancy e. bottom-up processing

c. perceptual set

When we go to the movies, we see smooth continuous motion rather than a series of still images because of which process? a. the phi phenomenon b. perceptual set c. stroboscopic movement d. relative motion e. illusory effect

c. the phi phenomenon

According to the gate control theory of pain, which of the following contains a neurological gate that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain? a. Nerve cells b. Skin tissues c. The spinal cord d. Nociceptors e. Muscles and organs

c. the spinal cord

Which of the following represents perceptual constancy? a. we recognize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it b. in photos of people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground c. we know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow d. from the time they are very young, most people can recognize the smell of a dentist's office e. the cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes

c. we know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight to shadow

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of synesthesia? a. Susie sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time because light that stimulates one half of an organized pair of cones inhibits the other half. b. Kara sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time because the optic nerve sends impulses to the occipital lobe. c. Manuel sees swirls of color when he hears music because his retina contains three types of color receptors. d. Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation. e. Rufus sees swirls of color when he hears music because only his cones are stimulated.

d. Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation.

Kimmie stood on the sidewalk rather than crossing the street because she saw that the approaching car was quite close to her. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? a. Gestalt b. Figure-ground relationship c. Closure d. Depth perception e. Color constancy

d. Depth perception

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations? a. Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of pork and the smell of a lemon. b. Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of a rose and the smell of a honeysuckle. c. Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the taste of pork broth and the taste of beef broth. d. Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions. e. Place disks soaked in lemon juice on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

d. Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

Orville is talking with his friends at a cafeteria table when suddenly he is distracted by hearing his name at a neighboring table. Orville's shift of attention most clearly illustrates which psychological concept? a. Inattentional blindness b. Gestalt psychology c. The phi phenomenon d. The cocktail party phenomenon e. Stimulus desensitization

d. The cocktail party phenomenon

Bryan perceived a duck instead of other animals when viewing an ambiguous image because he watched a documentary about ducks the previous night. Which of the following best explains why Bryan perceived a duck? a. Bottom-up processing, because he constructed the image of the duck piece by piece, starting with his sensory receptors. b. Bottom-up processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience. c. Top-down processing, because he constructed the image of the duck piece by piece, starting with his sensory receptors. d. Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience. e. Color constancy, because his perception of the duck was not affected by different illuminations.

d. Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience.

Which of the following best represents an absolute threshold? a. a guitar playing knows that his D string has just gone out of tune b. a photographer can tell that the natural light available for a photograph has just faded slightly c. your friend amazes you by correctly identifying unlabeled glasses of Coke and Pepsi d. a cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup e. your mom throws out the milk because she says the taste is "off"

d. a cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup

Which of the following is produced by perceptual set? a. not noticing that the songs change in a restaurant b. noticing a difference in the weight of a friend from one week to the next c. moving an arm quickly so that a mosquito flies away d. surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent e. not noticing a watch on your wrist as the day goes on

d. surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent

What is the purpose of the iris? a. to focus light on the retina b. to process color c. to allow light into the eye d. to enable night vision e. to detect specific shapes

d. to allow light into the eye

What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data? a. selective attention b. transduction c. bottom-up processing d. top-down processing e. signal detection theory

d. top-down processing

The process by which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy into neural messages is called what? a. adaptation b. accommodation c. parallel processing d. transduction e. perceptual setting

d. transduction

Which perception process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in? a. processing intense colors b. processing information related to our sense of balance c. supporting structural frame to hold the eardrum d. transmitting sound waves to the cochlea e. holding hair cells that enable hearing

d. transmitting sound waves to the cochlea

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses? a. Pressure, warmth, tickle, pain b. Warmth, cold, wet, dry c. Pressure, pain, wet, dry d. Pressure, pain, tickle, wet e. Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

e. Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Natalia is washing her hands and adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Natalia's adjustment until she feels a difference is an example of a. a subliminal stimulus b. an absolute threshold c. a difference threshold d. signal detection e. Weber's law

e. Weber's law

What principle states that to be perceived as different,tow stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount? a. absolute threshold b. different threshold c. signal detection theory d. priming e. Weber's law

e. Weber's law

Which of the following is the best example of kinesthesia? a. awareness of the smell of freshly brewed coffee b. ability to feel pressure on your arm c. ability to hear a softly ticking clock d. ability to calculate where a kicked soccer ball will land from the moment it leaves your foot e. awareness of your arms when swimming in the backstroke

e. awareness of your arms when swimming in the backstroke

Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of a. the visual cliff b. the phi phenomenon c. color constancy d. sensory restriction e. figure-ground relationships

e. figure-ground relationships

Which of the following concepts refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs due to constant exposure to that stimulus? a. Perceptual set b. Difference threshold c. Absolute threshold d. Transduction e. Sensory adaptation

e. sensory adaptation