AP Psychology - Unit 5
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes
Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases
Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?
People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer
How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field?
Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions
After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing
REM sleep
At 3 in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurance of
REM sleep
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
REM sleep
Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with
REM sleep
Paradoxical sleep is to slow wave sleep as ______ sleep is to ______ sleep.
REM; NREM-3
Which of the following is true of "hypothetically refreshed" memories?
They combine fact and fiction
Daniel Kahneman ad his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were heavily influences by
a good nights sleep
Circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hr cycle.
Alpha waves are associated with
a relaxed but awake state
22-year-old Felicia scores a high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia ay also have
a rich fantasy life
Dissociation refers to
a state of divided consciousness
28-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of
age regression
Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is using a technique called
age regression
In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people
behave in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals
The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was
behaviorism
Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of
biological rhythms
To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" vs. "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ____________ approach
biopsychosocial
Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and an authoritative presence in a legitimate context requires an integrated ________ approach
biopsychosocial
After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm
After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
circadian rhythm
Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of
circadian rhythm
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
circadian rhythm
Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that
conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds
People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves
conscious role-playing
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are caled
delta waves
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet seperately from other thoughts is called
dissociation
People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves
dissociation
The divided consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involved
dissociation
Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
dissociation theory
One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
distracting attention
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
Research has indicated that hypnosis
enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia
The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day
Bats need a lot of sleep bc their high waking metabolism produces _____ that are toxic to neurons
free radicals
Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that
genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get
Which of the following typically occurs during REM sleep?
genital arousal
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
have very relaxed muscles
Hypnosis involves a state of
heightened openness to suggestion
Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because
hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation form the emotional suffering that people expect from pain
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ______ production by the pineal gland
melatonin
By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in
mental processes
Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
obesity
Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are
often a combination of fact and fiction
Consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
physical growth
Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days, he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of
posthypnotic suggestion
While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of
posthypnotic suggestion
Hypnotically age-regressed people
provide accurate and details information about childhood events
When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to
show physiological activation of the sensory cortex
Resarch on sleep patterns indicates that
sleep patterns may be genetically influenced
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious process is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of
social influence
Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
social influence theory
Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60 year olds
spend less time in deep sleep
People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
strongly expect that they can be hypnotized
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would suggest that
the participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" and ignored the pain
When people are experiencing vivid dreams
their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids
Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
treating obesity
Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to
viral infection
Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should
wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
Which of the following is true of melatonin?
It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
NREM-1 sleep
The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?
NREM-1 sleep
Sleep talking may occur during
NREM-3 sleep