AP PSYCHOLOGY - UNIT 8

The fact that processing requires attention and conscious intention is an example of ____

Effortful processing

Getting information into our brains is a process called ____.

Encoding

If you are a CONVERGENT thinker, how might coming upon road construction that forces you to take a path other than your usual route to work make you feel?

Frustrated

For LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, the language acquisition device __\

Is an on or off concept

Along with studying the Hopi Indian language, Whorf also did innovative work with which of the following groups?

Japanese women who married American men

What makes it to LONG-TERM MEMORY will NOT be ___.

Lost

Because of brain location, which two things have a tendency to have a strong connections?

Mood and memory

Which small units carry meaning in a given language?

Morphemes

In RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE the __

New information blocks the old information

What us CONVERGENT THINKING described as?

One right way to do something

What is VISUAL ENCODING?

Process by which we take information with our eyes

The mental image or best example of a category is called a ___

Prototype

RECALL is a measure of memory where the person must ____ information learned earlier.

Retrieve

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY researches all of the following, EXCEPT which of the following?

Sense Deprivation

EVERYTHING taken in is taken in and placed in SENSORY MEMORY by our ___

Senses

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY deals with ____

Thoughts

AVAILABILITY in Problem Solving is when ___ frames your provlem

Whatever readily available solution

The good point about forgetting that Ebbinghaus showed was that ____

With time, forgetting levels off

We process messages by SPACE, TIME, and FREQUENCY ____

Without consciously thinking about it

ALGORITHMS are ___

step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution will be found for a problem

Basically, research has shown that we have the capacity to store in SHORT-TERM MEMORY ____ pieces of information

(7 ± 2)

The AVERAGE vocabulary of a normal adult is approximately ____ words.

80,000

WHORF determined that the Hopi Indians lacked which of the following?

A word for past

In fact, COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY is focused on ___

All of your mental activity

Lawyers often seek to do what?

Alter the memory of a witness

Because of the concept of MEMORY CONSTRUCTION, Lawyers ask questions with the intention of ___

Altering the witnesses memory

The SERIAL POSITIONING EFFECT is ____ device.

An encoding

ENCODING is the process ____

Bu which we bring information in

SOURCE AMNESIA is when one ____ where, when or how experiences occured

CANNOT remember

BELIEF PERSEVERANCE is when one ___ one's beliefs although they are shown to be wrong.

Clings to

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating are associated with ___

Cognition

Which of the following believe that language is learned by initiation of a LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE?

Cognitivists

SYNTAX is how one ___ words in order

Combines and puts

CONVERGENT THINKING involves an Individual do which of the following?

Coming to a single solution

In the Psychodynamic Approach, REPRESSION is ____

Defense mechanism

Unless rehearsed, Atkinson and Shiffrin showed that information will remain in short-term memory for about ____.

20-30 seconds

In English, the BASIC VOCABULARY is made up of approximately __ words

80,000

Functional FIXEDNESS is the ability to see ___ in a new way.

An object

Asking subjects to describe a "typical Harvard Student" exemplifies ___

An representative

"M A L O S I G I H T H R" is an example of what?

Anagram

LOFTUS and PALMER worked with memory construction involving subjects who watched a car accident and were ____

Asked to answer a question using one of three verbs to assess the subjects assessments of seriousness

What is the best method for learning multiple languages according to psychologists?

At the same time

EFFORTFUL PROCESSING requires ___.

Attention and conscious thought

Who proposed that a child learns language either directly or indirectly?

B.F Skinner

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IS ____

Backward acting

Which of the following believe that language is learned by a series of reinforcements and punishments?

Behaviorists

What is DIVERGENT Thinking?

Being able to see different solutions

Clinging to one's initial concepts even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is called ___

Belief perseverance

Because of the impact of the "forgetting curve" learning a second language is best attempted?

Between 4 and 7 years of age

The farther one gets from the PROTOTYPE, the ___

Blurrier category boundaries become

CHUNKING is when an individual _____ a large piece of information into smaller pieces.

Breaks

The GRAMMAR system for a language allows individuals to ___

Communicate

Which of the following is NOT a basic part of processing memory?

Compartmentalizing

According to research, words also influence our thinking about ___

Concepts

What can mental grouping by similar objects, events, ideas and people be called?

Concepts

What is the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people called?

Concepts

A tendency to search for data that supports preconceptions or to distort contradictory evidence is also called ____

Confirmation bias

The outcome of SOURCE AMNESIA is that the individual can ___

Construct a different reality

As good as memory is for us, sometimes we have a tendency to ____

Construct memories wrongly

What is a learning tactic that is the opposite of the SPACING EFFECT?

Cramming

What is it called when you unconsciously believe that you have experienced something before?

Deja Vu

SEMANTICS is how one ____ in a language.

Derives meaning

What is Divergent Thinking?

Different thinking and variating solutions

What is DIVERGENT THINKING?

Different thinking variations and solutions

Which of the following is NOT a part of language?

Digital Communication

The problem with HEURISTICS is that although it is speedy, it often

Does not produce the right solution

Ebbinghaus studied the ___ of stored memories

Durability

Echoic Memory is information taken in through the ___.

Ears

Which kind of memories tend to last 3 to 4 seconds and are disrupted often by background noise?

Echoic memory

REHEARSAL is the most common means of ____

Effortful processing

An ALGORITHM is the process by which one tests ___ till a best solution is found.

Every possible solution

Which type of memory is based on facts and experience?

Explicit memory

Interference is when ____ overwhelm the process of memory retrieval.

External forces

ICONIC MEMORY involves information taken in through the ___

Eyes

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Mnemonic Device?

FINGERS for New York's Finger Lakes

Ebbinghaus discovered in his research that memory for novel information ___.

Fades quickly

Which of these characteristics would be included in everyone's prototype image of a bird?

Feathers

For which of the following would a PROTOTYPE be hard to define?

Feelings of Parents When Seeing Child for the First Time

When INSIGHT occurs, what happens to the individual?

Feels a happy sense of satisfaction

A vivid and detailed memory, like an image, where every detail is retained. Thus describes which of the following?

Flashbulb memory

The ONE-WORD STAGE usually occurs ____

For most one years old

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS is famous for developing the ___

Forgetting curve

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IS ____

Forward-acting

CRITICAL PERIOD occurs in language development between the ages of ____

Four to seven years old

Memories may be LITERAL; however, they are also ____

Fragile

EXPLICIT MEMORIES can be ___.

General facts or personal stories

A system of rules that enable one to communicate with and understand others is called ___.

Grammar

Which problem solving technique is considered a short-cut, but it is probe to errors?

Heuristics

One of the major groups that WHORF worked with were ___

Hopi Indians

CREATIVITY is a ____ help to problem solving

Huge

Sterling's research demonstrated ____ a transient sensory memory of visual stimuli.

Iconic Memory

RECOGNITION is a measure of memory where the person need only ____ items previously learned.

Identify

A KEY technique for encoding is the use of ____.

Imagery

The MISINFORMATION EFFECT is the ____ of misleading information into our memory

Incorporation

While Whorf was studying Linguistic Determinism, Japanese women questioned in English gave what kind of answers?

Individualistic

LONG TERM MEMORY has ___

Infinite capacity

Wolfgang Kohler, a psychologist, worked with primates and determined they show elements of?

Insight

All but which of the following are examples of concept areas?

Knowing

What did NOAM CHOMSKY call the "machine" by which children learn language?

Language acquisition device

The rules that have to be followed grammatically in a language are referred to as what?

Language structure

The recency effect involves one's capacity to recall the ____ from a list.

Last items

Which of the following words is an example of SEMANTICS?

Learned

In the BABBLING STAGE, what do infants do?

Make spontaneous consonant-vowel pairs by bunching tongue

There are ____ explanations for how language develops.

Many

What does the CRITICAL PERIOD in language development represent?

Mastering language-learning before the window closes

The persistence of learning over time through storage and recall information is an adequate definition of ____

Memory

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, as in a way that was successful in the past, is called ____

Mental Set

COGNITION is a focus on ____ associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.

Mental activities

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, as in a way that was successful in the past, is called ___

Mental set

The alteration of memory based on how a question is presented is called what?

Misinformation effet

Exposed to misinformation, we have a tendency to ____

Misremember

"Some Old Horse, Caught Another Horse, Taking Oats Away" is a ____ device for remembering the way to calculate the angles of a right triangle

Mnemonics

A word or phrase device for helping one to remember information is called ____

Mnemonics

What are CREATIVE solutions often characterized as?

Novel and Valuable

Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows which of the following?

Novel information fades quickly then levels out

All but which of the following are examples of COGNITION?

Objects

A PROTOTYPE can be hard to assimilate because ___

Of its similarities to another concept

When learning about INTERFERENCE, it is important to remember which of the following?

Old & new learning do NOT always compete each other

The LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS states which of the following?

Our language determines the way we think

Whatever one thinks of WHORF, most would agree to which of the following?

Our words influence our thinking

Language is CRITICAL to one's thinking because it is one's ___

Outward expression

EFFORTFUL PROCESSING requires?

Practice

The processes involved in memory development include all of the following, EXCEPT?

Prioritizing information

IMPLICIT MEMORIES are more like ___ memories.

Procedural

IMPLICIT MEMORIES involve which of the following?

Procedures, or step-by-step

What is ACOUSTAL ENCODING

Process by which we take in information by our ears

____ is more difficult without cues ; however, it is most like pulling things out of thin air.

Recall

Without interfering events ____

Recall is better

When one identifies information that's right in front of them, this is called ___

Recognition

Which of the following is NOT a process involved in formal memory development?

Relearning

The SERIAL POSITION EFFECT describes ___ the beginning, the end and forgetting the middle

Remembering

The importance of STORAGE to memory is summed up by our capacity to ___ encoded information over time.

Retain

STORAGE is the ___ of encoded information over time.

Retention

Memory storage is composed of three main processes. Which of the following IS part of these main processes?

Retrieval

The process by which the mind pulls out information that has been stored is called?

Retrieval

What is the name given to the process by which we pull out the information after it is stored?

Retrieval

Information presented in the hour before sleep is protected from ____

Retroactive interference

Micah gets a new combination lock and struggles to remember the combination for his older lock. He's suffering from?

Retroactive interference

When John's friend sings song with lyrics he makes up, John struggles with ___

Retroactive interference

In WHORF's studies, Japanese women did which of the following?

Reverted to Japanese behaviors and language when speaking Japanese

CREATIVE people can often be characterized as ____

Risk-Takers

An ANAGRAM is a ___ word

Scrambled

What id the DIFFERENCE between semantic and episodic memories?

Semantic = facts; episodic = personal stories

Johnny watches the Star Wars series for the 25th time. He ponders Luke's anguish for his father & how this reflects him.

Semantic Encoding

When we put meaning to what is being learned (along with the facts), what is this called?

Semantic Encoding

Rules that guide us in deriving meaning from sounds are ____

Semantics

SENSORY MEMORY takes information in through the ___

Senses

ATKINSON and SHRIFFIN developed what memory process model?

Sensory-Short-Term-Long-Term Model

Which one is NOT an aid for encoding information so that it can be remembered?

Serial Position Effect

One's tendency to remember the beginning, the end, and to forget the middle is called ___.

Serial Position effect

What is the limit of items short-term memory can hold?

Seven

What do CONCEPTS do for our thinking?

Simplify it

MORPHEMES are the ____ in a language that carries meaning.

Smallest units

In problem solving, Representative is when the ____

Solution is compared to the prototype

What is MISSING: memory is taking stuff in, ____, then bringing it back out again?

Storing it

In the Loftus and Palmer Memory Construction experiments ___

Subjects answers varied depending on the verb used for questions

Rules that guide us in ordering words into sentences?

Syntax

As a MNEMONICS DEVICE, "HOMES" tells one the first letter of ____

The Great Lakes

What is DIVERGENT THINKING best described as?

The capacity to see different solutions for something

The RECENCY EFFECT involves one's capacity to recall the ___ from a list

The last items

According to Atkinson and Shriffin, SHORT-TERM MEMORY IS NOT

The origin of retrieval; information is sent to Sensory Memory

According to Atkinson and Shriffin, what is LONG-TERM MEMORY?

The place of storage for later retrieval

Recalling items from the early part of a list of stated items is a good example of ____

The primacy effect

Those items on a list of items presented to a subject that are stated last are prime candidates for ___

The recency effect

MENTAL SET is when one falls into ____ to solve problems

The same old patterns

Given 1, 4, 3, 5, 6, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 2. Remembering 1, 4, 3, 4, 5, and 2 is an example of ____.

The serial position effect

A good argument against cramming for an exam can be made based on ____

The spacing effect

A CONVERGENT thinker CANNOT typically do which of the following?

Think outside the box

LANGUAGE transmits ____

Thoughts

ATKINSON and SHRIFFRIN developed a _ model of the memory forming process

Three stage

BABBLING is the language of most ___

Three to four month olds

RELEARNING is a measure of memory where an individual assesses the amount of ____ saved when learning material again.

Tume

The TWO-WORD STAGE is used by most ____

Two to three years olds

A colloquial way of saying what the DECAY THEORY does would be?

Use It OR Lose it

In the ONE-WORD STAGE, infants will do which of the following?

Use one syllable that is barely recognizable to communicate meaning?

Ophelia watches her daughter pretend play. It is likely she is ____

Visually encoding

FLASHBULB MEMORY IS ___, like an image.

Vivid and detailed

DECAY THEORY is a principle that says what we do NOT use ___

We will lose

Our AUTOMATIC ENCODING PROCESS occurs ____

Without our being aware of it

Which of the following does NOT characterize CREATIVE people?

Work Alone and Isolated

SHORT-TERM MEMORY is also called the body's ____ memory.

Working

In PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE, the ____

old information blocks out new information