AP PSYCHOLOGY - UNIT 8
The fact that processing requires attention and conscious intention is an example of ____
Effortful processing
Getting information into our brains is a process called ____.
Encoding
If you are a CONVERGENT thinker, how might coming upon road construction that forces you to take a path other than your usual route to work make you feel?
Frustrated
For LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, the language acquisition device __\
Is an on or off concept
Along with studying the Hopi Indian language, Whorf also did innovative work with which of the following groups?
Japanese women who married American men
What makes it to LONG-TERM MEMORY will NOT be ___.
Lost
Because of brain location, which two things have a tendency to have a strong connections?
Mood and memory
Which small units carry meaning in a given language?
Morphemes
In RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE the __
New information blocks the old information
What us CONVERGENT THINKING described as?
One right way to do something
What is VISUAL ENCODING?
Process by which we take information with our eyes
The mental image or best example of a category is called a ___
Prototype
RECALL is a measure of memory where the person must ____ information learned earlier.
Retrieve
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY researches all of the following, EXCEPT which of the following?
Sense Deprivation
EVERYTHING taken in is taken in and placed in SENSORY MEMORY by our ___
Senses
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY deals with ____
Thoughts
AVAILABILITY in Problem Solving is when ___ frames your provlem
Whatever readily available solution
The good point about forgetting that Ebbinghaus showed was that ____
With time, forgetting levels off
We process messages by SPACE, TIME, and FREQUENCY ____
Without consciously thinking about it
ALGORITHMS are ___
step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution will be found for a problem
Basically, research has shown that we have the capacity to store in SHORT-TERM MEMORY ____ pieces of information
(7 ± 2)
The AVERAGE vocabulary of a normal adult is approximately ____ words.
80,000
WHORF determined that the Hopi Indians lacked which of the following?
A word for past
In fact, COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY is focused on ___
All of your mental activity
Lawyers often seek to do what?
Alter the memory of a witness
Because of the concept of MEMORY CONSTRUCTION, Lawyers ask questions with the intention of ___
Altering the witnesses memory
The SERIAL POSITIONING EFFECT is ____ device.
An encoding
ENCODING is the process ____
Bu which we bring information in
SOURCE AMNESIA is when one ____ where, when or how experiences occured
CANNOT remember
BELIEF PERSEVERANCE is when one ___ one's beliefs although they are shown to be wrong.
Clings to
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating are associated with ___
Cognition
Which of the following believe that language is learned by initiation of a LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE?
Cognitivists
SYNTAX is how one ___ words in order
Combines and puts
CONVERGENT THINKING involves an Individual do which of the following?
Coming to a single solution
In the Psychodynamic Approach, REPRESSION is ____
Defense mechanism
Unless rehearsed, Atkinson and Shiffrin showed that information will remain in short-term memory for about ____.
20-30 seconds
In English, the BASIC VOCABULARY is made up of approximately __ words
80,000
Functional FIXEDNESS is the ability to see ___ in a new way.
An object
Asking subjects to describe a "typical Harvard Student" exemplifies ___
An representative
"M A L O S I G I H T H R" is an example of what?
Anagram
LOFTUS and PALMER worked with memory construction involving subjects who watched a car accident and were ____
Asked to answer a question using one of three verbs to assess the subjects assessments of seriousness
What is the best method for learning multiple languages according to psychologists?
At the same time
EFFORTFUL PROCESSING requires ___.
Attention and conscious thought
Who proposed that a child learns language either directly or indirectly?
B.F Skinner
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IS ____
Backward acting
Which of the following believe that language is learned by a series of reinforcements and punishments?
Behaviorists
What is DIVERGENT Thinking?
Being able to see different solutions
Clinging to one's initial concepts even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is called ___
Belief perseverance
Because of the impact of the "forgetting curve" learning a second language is best attempted?
Between 4 and 7 years of age
The farther one gets from the PROTOTYPE, the ___
Blurrier category boundaries become
CHUNKING is when an individual _____ a large piece of information into smaller pieces.
Breaks
The GRAMMAR system for a language allows individuals to ___
Communicate
Which of the following is NOT a basic part of processing memory?
Compartmentalizing
According to research, words also influence our thinking about ___
Concepts
What can mental grouping by similar objects, events, ideas and people be called?
Concepts
What is the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people called?
Concepts
A tendency to search for data that supports preconceptions or to distort contradictory evidence is also called ____
Confirmation bias
The outcome of SOURCE AMNESIA is that the individual can ___
Construct a different reality
As good as memory is for us, sometimes we have a tendency to ____
Construct memories wrongly
What is a learning tactic that is the opposite of the SPACING EFFECT?
Cramming
What is it called when you unconsciously believe that you have experienced something before?
Deja Vu
SEMANTICS is how one ____ in a language.
Derives meaning
What is Divergent Thinking?
Different thinking and variating solutions
What is DIVERGENT THINKING?
Different thinking variations and solutions
Which of the following is NOT a part of language?
Digital Communication
The problem with HEURISTICS is that although it is speedy, it often
Does not produce the right solution
Ebbinghaus studied the ___ of stored memories
Durability
Echoic Memory is information taken in through the ___.
Ears
Which kind of memories tend to last 3 to 4 seconds and are disrupted often by background noise?
Echoic memory
REHEARSAL is the most common means of ____
Effortful processing
An ALGORITHM is the process by which one tests ___ till a best solution is found.
Every possible solution
Which type of memory is based on facts and experience?
Explicit memory
Interference is when ____ overwhelm the process of memory retrieval.
External forces
ICONIC MEMORY involves information taken in through the ___
Eyes
Which of the following is NOT an example of a Mnemonic Device?
FINGERS for New York's Finger Lakes
Ebbinghaus discovered in his research that memory for novel information ___.
Fades quickly
Which of these characteristics would be included in everyone's prototype image of a bird?
Feathers
For which of the following would a PROTOTYPE be hard to define?
Feelings of Parents When Seeing Child for the First Time
When INSIGHT occurs, what happens to the individual?
Feels a happy sense of satisfaction
A vivid and detailed memory, like an image, where every detail is retained. Thus describes which of the following?
Flashbulb memory
The ONE-WORD STAGE usually occurs ____
For most one years old
HERMANN EBBINGHAUS is famous for developing the ___
Forgetting curve
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IS ____
Forward-acting
CRITICAL PERIOD occurs in language development between the ages of ____
Four to seven years old
Memories may be LITERAL; however, they are also ____
Fragile
EXPLICIT MEMORIES can be ___.
General facts or personal stories
A system of rules that enable one to communicate with and understand others is called ___.
Grammar
Which problem solving technique is considered a short-cut, but it is probe to errors?
Heuristics
One of the major groups that WHORF worked with were ___
Hopi Indians
CREATIVITY is a ____ help to problem solving
Huge
Sterling's research demonstrated ____ a transient sensory memory of visual stimuli.
Iconic Memory
RECOGNITION is a measure of memory where the person need only ____ items previously learned.
Identify
A KEY technique for encoding is the use of ____.
Imagery
The MISINFORMATION EFFECT is the ____ of misleading information into our memory
Incorporation
While Whorf was studying Linguistic Determinism, Japanese women questioned in English gave what kind of answers?
Individualistic
LONG TERM MEMORY has ___
Infinite capacity
Wolfgang Kohler, a psychologist, worked with primates and determined they show elements of?
Insight
All but which of the following are examples of concept areas?
Knowing
What did NOAM CHOMSKY call the "machine" by which children learn language?
Language acquisition device
The rules that have to be followed grammatically in a language are referred to as what?
Language structure
The recency effect involves one's capacity to recall the ____ from a list.
Last items
Which of the following words is an example of SEMANTICS?
Learned
In the BABBLING STAGE, what do infants do?
Make spontaneous consonant-vowel pairs by bunching tongue
There are ____ explanations for how language develops.
Many
What does the CRITICAL PERIOD in language development represent?
Mastering language-learning before the window closes
The persistence of learning over time through storage and recall information is an adequate definition of ____
Memory
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, as in a way that was successful in the past, is called ____
Mental Set
COGNITION is a focus on ____ associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
Mental activities
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, as in a way that was successful in the past, is called ___
Mental set
The alteration of memory based on how a question is presented is called what?
Misinformation effet
Exposed to misinformation, we have a tendency to ____
Misremember
"Some Old Horse, Caught Another Horse, Taking Oats Away" is a ____ device for remembering the way to calculate the angles of a right triangle
Mnemonics
A word or phrase device for helping one to remember information is called ____
Mnemonics
What are CREATIVE solutions often characterized as?
Novel and Valuable
Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows which of the following?
Novel information fades quickly then levels out
All but which of the following are examples of COGNITION?
Objects
A PROTOTYPE can be hard to assimilate because ___
Of its similarities to another concept
When learning about INTERFERENCE, it is important to remember which of the following?
Old & new learning do NOT always compete each other
The LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS states which of the following?
Our language determines the way we think
Whatever one thinks of WHORF, most would agree to which of the following?
Our words influence our thinking
Language is CRITICAL to one's thinking because it is one's ___
Outward expression
EFFORTFUL PROCESSING requires?
Practice
The processes involved in memory development include all of the following, EXCEPT?
Prioritizing information
IMPLICIT MEMORIES are more like ___ memories.
Procedural
IMPLICIT MEMORIES involve which of the following?
Procedures, or step-by-step
What is ACOUSTAL ENCODING
Process by which we take in information by our ears
____ is more difficult without cues ; however, it is most like pulling things out of thin air.
Recall
Without interfering events ____
Recall is better
When one identifies information that's right in front of them, this is called ___
Recognition
Which of the following is NOT a process involved in formal memory development?
Relearning
The SERIAL POSITION EFFECT describes ___ the beginning, the end and forgetting the middle
Remembering
The importance of STORAGE to memory is summed up by our capacity to ___ encoded information over time.
Retain
STORAGE is the ___ of encoded information over time.
Retention
Memory storage is composed of three main processes. Which of the following IS part of these main processes?
Retrieval
The process by which the mind pulls out information that has been stored is called?
Retrieval
What is the name given to the process by which we pull out the information after it is stored?
Retrieval
Information presented in the hour before sleep is protected from ____
Retroactive interference
Micah gets a new combination lock and struggles to remember the combination for his older lock. He's suffering from?
Retroactive interference
When John's friend sings song with lyrics he makes up, John struggles with ___
Retroactive interference
In WHORF's studies, Japanese women did which of the following?
Reverted to Japanese behaviors and language when speaking Japanese
CREATIVE people can often be characterized as ____
Risk-Takers
An ANAGRAM is a ___ word
Scrambled
What id the DIFFERENCE between semantic and episodic memories?
Semantic = facts; episodic = personal stories
Johnny watches the Star Wars series for the 25th time. He ponders Luke's anguish for his father & how this reflects him.
Semantic Encoding
When we put meaning to what is being learned (along with the facts), what is this called?
Semantic Encoding
Rules that guide us in deriving meaning from sounds are ____
Semantics
SENSORY MEMORY takes information in through the ___
Senses
ATKINSON and SHRIFFIN developed what memory process model?
Sensory-Short-Term-Long-Term Model
Which one is NOT an aid for encoding information so that it can be remembered?
Serial Position Effect
One's tendency to remember the beginning, the end, and to forget the middle is called ___.
Serial Position effect
What is the limit of items short-term memory can hold?
Seven
What do CONCEPTS do for our thinking?
Simplify it
MORPHEMES are the ____ in a language that carries meaning.
Smallest units
In problem solving, Representative is when the ____
Solution is compared to the prototype
What is MISSING: memory is taking stuff in, ____, then bringing it back out again?
Storing it
In the Loftus and Palmer Memory Construction experiments ___
Subjects answers varied depending on the verb used for questions
Rules that guide us in ordering words into sentences?
Syntax
As a MNEMONICS DEVICE, "HOMES" tells one the first letter of ____
The Great Lakes
What is DIVERGENT THINKING best described as?
The capacity to see different solutions for something
The RECENCY EFFECT involves one's capacity to recall the ___ from a list
The last items
According to Atkinson and Shriffin, SHORT-TERM MEMORY IS NOT
The origin of retrieval; information is sent to Sensory Memory
According to Atkinson and Shriffin, what is LONG-TERM MEMORY?
The place of storage for later retrieval
Recalling items from the early part of a list of stated items is a good example of ____
The primacy effect
Those items on a list of items presented to a subject that are stated last are prime candidates for ___
The recency effect
MENTAL SET is when one falls into ____ to solve problems
The same old patterns
Given 1, 4, 3, 5, 6, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 2. Remembering 1, 4, 3, 4, 5, and 2 is an example of ____.
The serial position effect
A good argument against cramming for an exam can be made based on ____
The spacing effect
A CONVERGENT thinker CANNOT typically do which of the following?
Think outside the box
LANGUAGE transmits ____
Thoughts
ATKINSON and SHRIFFRIN developed a _ model of the memory forming process
Three stage
BABBLING is the language of most ___
Three to four month olds
RELEARNING is a measure of memory where an individual assesses the amount of ____ saved when learning material again.
Tume
The TWO-WORD STAGE is used by most ____
Two to three years olds
A colloquial way of saying what the DECAY THEORY does would be?
Use It OR Lose it
In the ONE-WORD STAGE, infants will do which of the following?
Use one syllable that is barely recognizable to communicate meaning?
Ophelia watches her daughter pretend play. It is likely she is ____
Visually encoding
FLASHBULB MEMORY IS ___, like an image.
Vivid and detailed
DECAY THEORY is a principle that says what we do NOT use ___
We will lose
Our AUTOMATIC ENCODING PROCESS occurs ____
Without our being aware of it
Which of the following does NOT characterize CREATIVE people?
Work Alone and Isolated
SHORT-TERM MEMORY is also called the body's ____ memory.
Working
In PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE, the ____
old information blocks out new information