AP Pysch Unit 3 Test

Binocular Cue for Depth Perception, which of the following... Interposition: Linear Perspective: Motion Parallax:6 Retinal Disparity: Texture Gradient:

Retinal Disparity

Retinex Theory

(apparently this isn't the correct answer it is just an option) It explains how we are able to see colors consistently in spite of differences in light levels. It's an explanation for how parts of the brain change the color the eye sees.

Opponent Process Theory:

- color vision depends on 3 sets of opposing retinal processes-red-green, blue-yellow and white-black - Like red and green marbles down a narrow tube-"red" and "green" messages cannot both travel at once (red and green are opponents because we either see red or green not a combination) - Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red -Others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green -Negative afterimages: (green to red) 1st stared at green bars than at white area. White contains all colors including red. You tired your green response-only the red part of the green-red fired normally

Perceptual Constancy:

- perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape and size) even as illumination and retinal images change - To recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their color, brightness, shape, or size-top down process - Regardless of viewing angle, distance, and illumination we can identify people and things in less time than it takes to draw a breath

FRQ: Auditory Cortex, Auditory Nerve, Cochlea (how they're activated when listening to music)

-The cochlea receives vibrations from the bones of the middle ear. It then ripples in the basilar membrane of the cochlear causing hair cells on the membrane to bend. -The bending of hair cells causes nearby auditory nerve cells to fire. The axons of these nerves combine to form the auditory nerve. -The auditory nerve carries signals to the thalamus and then to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe, where sound is consciously perceived.

Frequency Theory Problem

An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 waves per second.

Color Blindness & which of the following go together: Cones Lens Occipital Lobe Optic Nerve Rods

Cones

Hearing

Confabulation is a symptom of various memory disorders in which made-up stories fill in any gaps in memory -confabulation has memory loss that affects their higher reasoning -They subconsciously create stories as a way to conceal their memory loss. They aren't aware that they aren't telling the truth. They don't have any doubt about the things they are saying, even if those around them know the story is untrue. -The deficit in a sensory system: -Greater amount of experience in hearing: -Greater difference threshold: this means that a dramatic change would have to occur for us to detect that there was a change -Lower absolute threshold: rods have a low absolute threshold because they operate in twilight vision and detect black, white, and gray

Frequency Theory (temporal theory):

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch The brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up to the auditory nerve The whole basilar membrane vibrates with the incoming sound wave, triggering neural imoule=ses to the brain at the same rate as the sound wave.

Vestibular Sense Disruption

Monitors your head's (and thus our own body's) position and movement. The biological gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are two structures in your inner ear. There are two organs that tie together to create this sense. The semicircular canals and a pair of calcium crystal-filled vestibular sacs. When your head rotates, the movement of these organs stimulates hair-like receptors which send nerve signals to your cerebellum enabling you to sense your body's position and maintain balance. This process is super fast.

Trichromatic Theory

ONLY AN ANSWER CHOICE NOT A ANSWER, DON"T WORRY ABOUT..... OKAY

Color Constancy:

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object We see color thanks to our brain's computations of the light reflected by an object relative to the objects surrounding it Since we construct our perceptions, we can simultaneously accept alternate objective and subjective realities Example: If you were to look at a tomato through a paper tube through the course of a day. As the light-and thus the tomato's reflected wavelengths- changed, the tomato's color would also seem to change. however, if you just a few the tomato as one item in a salad bowl, its perceived color would remain essentially consistent. The perception of a consistent color is color constancy. Example: A blue poker chip under indoor lighting reflects wavelengths that match those reflected by a sunlit gold chip. Yet bring a goldfinch indoors and it won't look like a bluebird. The color is not in the chip or the bird's feathers. We see color thanks to our brain's computations of the light reflected by an object relative to the objects surrounding it.

transduction & which of the following is Gestalt psychologists' main concern Development Learning Motivation Perception Sensation

Perception

Gestalt Psychology

They noticed that people who are given a cluster of sensations tend to organize them into gestalts or as an organized whole. As we look straight ahead we cannot separate the perceived scene into our left and right fields of view Our conscious perception is at every moment a seamless scene- an integrated whole Our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Selective Attention

Through selective attention, our awareness focuses, like a flashlight beam, on a minute aspect of all that we experience. Our consciousness focuses on one thing at a time. (The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. ) Your attention switches a lot more often than you think.

What is transduction?

Transduction is the process of converting one form of energy into another form that our brain can use. Transduction is like a translation of physical energy such as light waves into the brain's electrochemical language. The field of psychophysics studies the relationships between the physical energy we detect and its effects on our psychological experiences.

Sensory Adaptation

Your senses adapting to your surroundings. For example, you notice a classmate's perfume and you wonder how she can stand it but then in a few minutes you don't notice either. Sensory adaptation can be defined as the diminished sensitivity as a consequence of a constant stimulation. It reduces our sensitivity. It even influences how we perceive emotions. IMPORTANT NOTE- Our sensory system is alert to novelty; bore it with repetition and it frees our attention for more important things.

Convergence

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. the greater the inward strain, the closer the object.

Functional Fixedness

is a type of cognitive bias that involves a tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way. 1 For example, you might view a thumbtack as something that can only be used to hold paper to a corkboard - functional fixedness can prevent people from seeing the full range of uses for an object

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount. The exact percentage varies depending on the stimulus.

What process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in?

they pick up vibrations and transmit them to the cochlea

Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup

three tiny bones that makes up the middle ear