AP US Chapter 19, 20 part 1, 20 part 2

What was the basic purpose of the initiative, referendum, direct primary, and recall?

Reformers looked for ways to circumvent the boss-controlled legislatures by increasing the power of the electorate with the first 2. The second 2 were efforts to limit the power of parties and improve the quality of elected officials. Initiative-submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections Referendum-provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval Direct primary-attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people Recall-gave voters the right to remove a public official from office with a petition

What did some Alliance leaders advocate that made the organization different from the Grange?

a national society in which economic competition would give way to cooperation.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was______________________ ______________________________________________________________

a regulatory agency to help business determine whether their actions were legal, also power to prosecute "unfair trade practices"

In order to alleviate unemployment produced by the Panic of 1893, Jacob S. Coxey proposed:

creating jobs by means of government public works programs.

The issue of free coinage of silver rapidly declined in importance among farmers after 1896 partly because:

farm prices began to rise.

Before the passage of civil service-reform legislation, there were about 100,000 civilian federal government jobs to be filled by presidential appointment. Of these, the greatest percentage were in the:

post office.

What event caused the Grange to transform from a social and self-help association into an agency of political change?

the depression of 1873

One of the strongest elements of progressive thought stressed that ignorance, poverty, and even criminality resulted mainly from:

the effects of an undesirable environment

The most important issue in the 1896 presidential campaign was:

the money question.

The women's club movement tended to attract its membership primarily from:

the urban middle and upper classes.

_________ emerged from professional organizations or labor to advance own demands directly to govt, not thru party

"Interest groups" emerged from professional organizations or labor to advance own demands directly to govt, not thru party

What were the immediate and long-range causes of the Panic of 1893? How serious was the depression that followed?

-Philadelphia and Reading RR bankrupt, overproduction and it led to social unrest (strikes) and inflation question.

Why did the gold-standard issue divide the Democratic Party?

-S and W wanted free silver, tariff reduction, income tax, control of trusts and railroads -E opposing free coinage of silver EXCEPT by international agreement.

Today, anti liquor laws are often thought of as conservative. Why was prohibition regarded as a progressive issue? What forces usually opposed prohibition?

-scarce wages, excessive drinking, unproductiveness -Supporters formed WCTU led by Frances Willard w/ Anti-Saloon League and called for abolition -There was opposition from immigrant and working-class voters, but still led to 18th.

What were the basic elements of Populist ideology, and how were they reflected in the party's platform? Why did the movement fail to obtain significant labor support?

1) Subtreasuries 2) ending of absentee ownership 3) Abolition of national banks 5) gov ownership and regulation of RR 6) inflation of currency 4) direct election of senators The movement failed to obtain significant labor support because the economic inters of labor and the interests of farmers were often at odds.

Three of the following were contributory causes of the Panic of 1893. Which is the exception?

A) *The tax policies of the federal government on big business* B) Excessive capital investments, especially by railroads. C) The loss of American markets abroad due to depressed conditions in Europe. D) Weakened purchasing power of farmers due to depressed prices in agriculture.

The Populists in 1892 favored three of the following. Which is the exception?

A) The direct election of senators. *B) The abolition of the graduated income tax* C) Government ownership of railroads, telephones, and telegraphs. D) The establishment of "subtreasuries" that would advance loans against stored crops.

During the 1860s and 1870s, the Grangers carried out three of the following activities. Which is the exception?

A) They established cooperatives. B) *They forged a political coalition with organized labor* C) They supported political candidates sympathetic to the farmers' needs. D) They disseminated information about new scientific agricultural techniques.

The "New Woman" movement was sparked by which of the following?

A) declining birth rates. B) children attending school at earlier ages. C) technological innovations such as running water and electricity. D) *all of the above*

(CHAPT 20 PART 1 MC) Three of the following statements express general beliefs of the progressives. Which is the exception?

A dedication to the theory that the natural law of the marketplace and the doctrines of laissez-faire and Social Darwinism would help solve societal problems.

Professional organizations were designed to defend their professions from all of the following EXCEPT:

A) incompetent practitioners. B) excessive competition. C) *gender and ethnic discrimination* D) a denigration of their prestige within American society.

Which of the following pieces of legislation was stringently enforced by the federal courts?

A) the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. B) The Interstate Commerce Act. D) *neither of these acts.*

In what ways was President James Garfield a martyr to civil service? How did Chester A. Arthur react?

After being elected, Garfield tried to defy the Stalwarts by showing support for civil service reform. It became an "ugly quarrel" and he was shot by a Stalwart. Chester Arthur (VP) became president, and (to the disappointment of the Stalwarts) kept most of Garfield's workers in office and supported civil service reform (let to 1883: Pendleton Act)

How did the presidential election of 1888 differ from the typical fare of that period? What was the key issue, how did it become so, and what was the result?

Benjamin Harrison (R) vs. Grover Cleveland (D) TARIFF WAS BIG ISSUE! -Harrison (WON) electoral vote, but Cleveland won popular vote-

What role did organized labor play in progressive reform efforts?

Between 1911 and 1913, thanks to political pressure from labor groups such as the newly formed Union Labor Party, California passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and a limitation on working hours for women. Union pressures contributed to the passage of similar laws in many other states as well.

How did the race relations views of Booker T. Washington contrast with those of W. E. B. DuBois?

Booker T. Washington said to "put down your bucket where you are," to work for immediate self-improvement rather than long-range social change. W. E. B. DuBois wanted to work towards long lasting social change.

After the initial spate of New Freedom legislation, why did Wilson back away from reform? What led him, later in his first term, to advance reform once again?

By 1914, Wilson believed the program of the New Freedom was essentially complete and that agitation for reform would now subside. They suffered major losses in the election, so he began to support a second flurry of reforms.

Cleveland opposed _______ and _________ and wished to see _______________ so he asked congress to ____________ protective tariff to reduce govt surpluses and size. The ______ passed it and the _______ opposed it so it became a problem in ________________. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison won election of 1888 and ________ won the election of 1892.

Cleveland opposed graft and special interest and wished to see limited government so he asked congress to reduce the protective tariff to reduce govt surpluses and size. The Democrats passed it and the Republicans opposed it so it became a problem in the 1888 election. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison won election of 1888 and Cleveland (D) won the election of 1892.

How were reform measures such as the commission plan, the city-manager plan, nonpartisanship, and at-large elections designed to destroy the power of the urban party bosses?

Commission Plan-Mayor and council replaced by an elected, nonpartisan commission City Manager Plan-Elected officials hired an outside expert to take charge of the city government Nonpartisanship-Parties can't choose candidate The people choose.

How did the NAACP get started? What were its early victories?

DuBois advocated that talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education, fighting for civil rights, not wait. They launched the Niagra Movement and four years later, after a race riot in Illinois, they joined with white progressives to form NAACP. In Guinn v US, the supreme court supported its position that the grandfather clause in an OK law was unconstitutional. In Buchanan v Worley, the court attacked a law requiring residential segregation in KY. THEY UTILIZED EFFORTS OF THE MOST INTELLIGENT AND TALENTED BLACKS.

Compare and contrast the proponents and opponents of municipal government reform.

For several decades after the Civil War, "respectable" citizens of the nation's large cities had avoided participation in municipal government because they wanted to get away from "vulgar" elements who were coming to dominate public life, but with a new generation of activists, middle class people took a growing interest in government. They were attacking a large group of special interests: saloon, businessmen who established relations with political machine bosses, etc. They also had to fight against immigrants who loved the machines, but they eventually gained political strength.

Which president served two nonconsecutive terms in office?

Grover Cleveland

How did William Jennings Bryan win the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896, and how did his candidacy put the Populists in a dilemma?

He delivered a brilliant speech called the gold cross. The democrats stole their main cause (coining silver).

What in Woodrow Wilson's pre-White House career foreshadowed his role as president?

He had been a professor of political science at Princeton until 1902 when he was named president of the university.

How did President William McKinley handle the bimetallism question? What happened during his administration to help resolve the issue?

He passed the Currency Act of 1900 and His admin won approval of the Dingley Tariff, which raised duties to the highest point in American history.

What were Roosevelt's assumptions about the proper role of government, especially with regard to economic concentration? To what extent was he a "trust buster"?

He wanted power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results. The new department of commerce and labor was to assist in this task. Although he was not a trustbuster at heart, he made a few highly publicized efforts to break up combinations. He ordered the Justic Department to invoke the ShermanAA against a RR monopoly

In the Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute, Pinchot was told _________. Taft fired ______ after ________ and _______ were alienated.

In the Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute, Pinchot was told Ballinger sold public lands in Alaska for personal profit. Taft fired Pinchot after he leaked information to the press and progressives were alienated.

How was the demise of the Granger Laws related to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act? How was the Interstate Commerce Commission so ineffectual?

In the Wabash case a Granger law was ruled unconstitutional as an attempt to control ISC that infringed on the exclusive right of congress. RR regulation could now only come from the federal government. A five-person agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), was to administer the act. But it had to rely on the courts to enforce its rulings. For almost twenty years after its passage, the Interstate Commerce Act-haphazardly enforced and narrowly interpreted by the courts-was without practical effect.

What were the key elements of the "square deal" that helped propel Roosevelt to reelection and to significant accomplishments in his second term?

In the beginning, Roosevelt was more concerned with winning reelection by not alienating conservative Republicans, winning support of businessmen, and using patronage, then he was about reform. His first target was the RR industry in which he increased federal power to oversee rates with the Hepburn railroad regulation act. He supported the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act after Upton Sinclair's The Jungle was released. He also favored 8 hr work day, women's compensation, and inheritance & income taxes.

What changes did Roosevelt initiate in the traditional role of the federal government in labor disputes?

In the past, federal intervention in industrial disputes had almost always meant action on behalf of employers. Roosevelt was willing to consider labor's position as well. When a bitter 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers endagered coal supplies for the coming winter, Roosevelt asked both the operators and the miners to accept impartial federal arbitration. When the mine owners balked, Roosevelt threatened to send federal troops to seize the mines. The operators finally relented. He saw the government as an impartial regulator for labor.

What were the principal arguments used for and against women's suffrage?

Many advocates presented their views in terms of natural rights and they justified it in a safer way, help temperance movement, war would be no more since they could control the belligerence of men. Anti-suffrage movements preached distinctive spheres and the confusion it would place upon the natural order of society and they associated suffrage with divorce and neglect of children.

Describe the passions of the 1896 campaign. Where did Bryan do well? Why did he lose?

McKinley won because he had huge funding from businesses who were fearful of Bryan winning. Bryan went TO people to make speeches for the first time.

The company that emerged in the 1870s to provide goods to farmers via mail order was:

Montgomery Ward and Company.

What were the characteristics of the so-called new middle class and the new professionalism? What kind of organizations were formed? Who was usually excluded?

More people engaged in administrative and professional tasks such as managers, scientists, and teachers. The new middle class valued education and individual accomplishments. The demand for professionals increased and so did their desire for reform to create organized professions. Some professionals used their entrance requirements to exclude blacks, immigrants, women, and other "undesirables" from their ranks.

How did the patronage system lead to dominance of national politics by local and state political organizations and factions in the national parties? What was the impact on the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes?

Patronage system lead to dominance of nat. politics by power of party bosses. Hayes' presidency was overshadowed by the battle over patronage in the Republican party between the Stalwarts (Roscoe Conkling) and the Half-Breeds (James G. Blaine)

What contribution did the Social Gospel movement make to progressivism?

People became committed to the pursuit of what came to known as social justice, which is a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. These people are likely to believe in helping the poor and oppressed people.

What role did politics play for the typical eligible voter of the late nineteenth century?

Politics were quite important to the eligible voters between 1870 and 1890 as almost 78% of the eligible electorate voted for presidential election.

What kind of person was most attracted to Populism? What were the leaders like?

Populism appealed to FARMERS with little economic security and GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED. Also, because of their love of silver, the populists attracted mining regions Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and Far west!

How did Farmers' Alliance transform into the People's Party?

Populism appealed to the farmer who was becoming less visible in the face of new, mechanized, diversified, and consolidated commercial agriculture. Most populist leaders were members of the rural middle class: professional people, editors and layers, or longtime politicians and agitators. Some Populist leaders were somber, serious theoreticians; other were semi-hysterical rabble rousers.

What caused the panic of 1907? How did Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan respond?

Production outgrew domestic and foreign demand + speculation and poor management led to the Panic of 1907. Conservatives blamed Roosevelts mad economic policies for the disaster and he acted quickly to ensure that he would not interfere with their recovery efforts. JP Morgan helped construct a pool of the assets of several important NY banks to prop up shaky financial isntitutions. He bought the TN coal and iron company and the panic soon ended. Roosevelt promised to step down in 1908 and also because of the panic, so he was not renominated.

What regional, religious, and ethnic factors distinguished the two major parties? Despite basic issue agreement, what culturally related issues tended to divide the parties? What was their position on these culturally related issues? :)

Region, Religion, and Ethnicity D- Catholics, immigrants, poor workers, south R- Protestants, older citizens, middle class, north, favored ban on alcohol and immigration

What caused the significant Republican reverses in the 1890 and 1892 elections? What was the result of Cleveland's effort to lower tariffs after his reelection?

Republicans mistake: tariff. McKinley proposed highest protective measure ever proposed to congress. As a result, Repubs lost representation in the Senate. In the election of 1892, Harrison (repub) supported the protection of the tariff and Cleveland (demo) opposed it. After Cleveland won, used WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF to reduce tariff rates.

What propelled Wilson to victory in 1912? What roles did Taft and Eugene Debs play in the campaign?

Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican votes. He polled only 42%, compared with Roosevelt's 27%, Tafts 23% and Debs 6%. He won 435/531 votes in the electoral college. Roosevelt got 6, Taft 2, and Debs 0.

In addition to his general ambitions, what two events pushed Roosevelt into open opposition to Taft? What kept Roosevelt and Robert La Follette apart?

Roosevelt still denied any presidential ambitions and claimed that his real purpose was to pressure Taft to reuturn to progressive policies. Two events, however changed his mind. The first, on October 27, 1911, was the announcement by the administration of a suit against E.S. Steel, which charged, among other things, that the 1907 acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company had been illegal. Roosevelt had approved that acquisition in the midst of the 1907 panic. Roosevelt was still reluctant to become a candidate for president because La Follete had been working since 1911 to secure the presidential nomination for himself, but it stumbled in 1912 after facing a nervous breakdown.

What were the two factions within the conservation movement? Toward which side did Roosevelt lean? Were his stands consistent with his general approach to reform? What was his lasting effect on national environmental policy?

Roosevelt used executive power to restrict private development on government land because he saw a goal of conservation to manage development and apply the scientific method of management. He supported public reclamation and irrigation projects. He also wanted to preserve land so he expanded the National Forest system for rational lumbering, while growing the National Park System. Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite was seen as beautiful land by naturalists, but San Francisco residents + Roosevelt's head of National Forest System Gifford Pinchot wanted land to build dam + reservoir for city's growing water needs. Pinchot saw needs of city more important than claims of preservation so the issue was placed in 1908 referendum and it was approved by a large margin in the election.

Contrast the Social Darwinist view of society with the progressive vision. How did the settlement house movement and the social work profession illustrate the difference?

Social darwinists argued genetics affected someone the most, while progressives believed the environment did. Progressives looked to help those in tought environments. Middle-class had a responsibility to share values with immigrants.

Most progressives abhorred the urban disorder resulting from the influx of immigrants, but they differed about the appropriate response to the problem. Which one dominated? Why?

Some progressives believed that the best approach was to help them adapt, while others believed that assimilation efforts had failed and the only solution was to limit the flow of new arrivals. Reformers saw immigrants as source of social problems because immigrants less assimilable than earlier groups and restrictions should be based on nationality while others supported restrictions as means to solve urban overcrowding, unemployment, strained social services, and unrest. This was seen by the theories of eugenics and nativism.

How did Taft manage to secure the Republican nomination in 1912 despite Roosevelt's obvious popularity?

Taft remained the choice of most party leaders, who controlled the nominating process. Many of Roosevelts insurgents who had supported him during the primaries refused to follow him out of the Republican Party into the Bull Moose Party.

By what means did some urban political machines, such as Tammany Hall, manage to survive the progressive era?

Tammany began to use its political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial economy.

Why did Roosevelt break from the Republicans to form the Progressive Party? For what did it stand?

The Bull Moose party was notable for its strong committment to a wide range of progressive causes that had grown in popularity over the previous two decades. The party advocated additional regulation of industry and trusts, sweeping reforms of many areas of government, compensation by the governement for workers injured on the job, pensions for the elderly and for widows with children, and woman suffrage.

The Farmer's Alliance formed in ________ and ________ and it focused on ________ problems, but they had a larger goal to create _____________. They were not very __________, like the Grang, but they did create _______________________ later. The Alliances merged and issued __________ (party platform).

The Farmer's Alliance formed in South and Northwest and it focused on local problems, but they had a larger goal to create a society of cooperation. They were not very successful, like the Grange, but they did create national political organizations. The Alliances merged and issued Ocala Demands (party platform).

How did Roosevelt's actions in the effort to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) illustrate his tendency to take a middle road of reform?

The Interstate Commerce Act had been an early effort to regulate the industry, but over the years, the courts had sharply limited its influence. Roosevelt asked Congress for legislation to increase the government's power to oversee railroad rates. The Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906 sought to restore some regulatory authority to the government, although the bill was so cautious that it satisfied few progressives.

What special efforts did Wilson mount to pass the Underwood-Simmons tariff? Why was a graduated income tax needed in addition to the tariff reduction?

The Underwood-Simmons Tariff provided cuts substantial enough, progressives believed, to introduce real competition into American markets and thus help break the power of trusts. To make up for the loss of revenue under the new tariff, congress approved a graduated income tax, which the recently adopted 16th amendement to the constitution now permitted. This first modern income tax imposed a 1% tax on individuals and corporations earning more than $4000 a year, with the rates ranging up to 6% on annual incomes over $500,000.

What were the accomplishments of the women's club movement? How did the clubs reflect both the influence of women and the restrictions upon them?

The clubs became less concerned with cultural activities and more concerned with social betterment. Many came from wealthy families, so they had funds at their disposal. Since women could not vote, the clubs had a nonpartisan image that made them difficult for politicians to dismiss. Much of what they did included things such as planting trees; supporting schools, libraries and settlement houses; building hospitals and parks. They were an important force in winning passage of state laws that regulated the conditions of woman and child labor, established government inspection of workplaces, regulated food and drug industries, reformed policies toward the Indian tribes, applied new standards for urban housing, and outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcohol. They pressured legislatures to provide mother pensions.

How well balanced were the two major political parties between the Civil War and the turn of the century--especially from the mid-1870s to the early 1890s?

The electorate was divided almost precisely evenly between the Republicans and Democrats, and their was hardly any fluctuation. 16 Republican states to 14 Democratic.

Aside from its providing Civil war pensions and the postal service, how significant was the role of the national government in the late nineteenth century?

The federal government did hardly anything in this period besides maintaining the military, foreign policy, delivering mail, civil war pensions, and collecting tariffs and taxes.

Describe the two different progressive approaches to the perceived problem of economic consolidation and centralization. What solutions did advocates of each approach favor?

The federal government should work to break up the largest combinations and enforce a balance between the need for bigness and the need for competition (Louis D. Brandeis). They considered bigness inefficient and a threat to freedom. They believed government must regulate competition in such a way as to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. Others were less enthusiastic about the virtues of competition. Efficiency was more important to them.They argued that gov should guard against abuses of power by large institutions instead of fighting bigness. It should distinguish b/t good trusts and bad trusts to encourage good and discipline bad. (Herbert Croly). Look at 588...?

Describe how the nation's banking system was transformed during the Wilson Administration. What role did bankers play in shaping the new law?

The federal reserve act create 12 regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district. The regional federal reserve banks would hold a certain percentage of the assets of their member banks in reserve, they would use those reserves to support loans to private banks at an interest (discounted) rate. They would issue federal reserve notes (backed by gov). They would be able to shift funds quickly to troubled areas

The grangers first goal was to ___________ even though it did not become highly political and large until 1873 recession. They urged political action to fight ______________________.

The grangers first goal was to teach scientific techniques even though it did not become highly political and large until 1873 recession. They urged political action to fight monopolistic RR practices.

How did key progressive governors demonstrate that effective leadership was the key to successful reform? Who was the most celebrated of this group?

The most celebrated state-level reformer was Robert M. La Follete. He helped turn Wisconsin into a "laboratory of progressivism." He used his personal magnetism to widen public awareness of progressive goals. Reform was the responsibility not simply of politicians, he argued, but of newspapers, citizen's groups, educational institutions, and business and professional organizations.

Why was progressivism especially strong in the western states?

The most important target of reform was the fed gov (which possessed a lot more power in the W then it did in the E), not state govs.

The populist party formed and they appealed to mainly _____________ who were not having success against the ____________. They failed to attract ___________ , but they did attract ________ with ______________. The Ocala platform outlined reform programs which included _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________.

The populist party formed and they appealed to mainly small farms who were not having success against the commerical agriculturalists. They failed to attract labor support, but they did attract miner with a free silver policy. The Ocala platform outlined reform programs which included subtreasuries, govt warehouse system, abolish national banks, direct election of senators, RR regulation, phones, graduated income tax, inflation, etc.

What was the relationship between the weakening of political parties and the rise of interest groups?

The reformers contributed to a decline in party influence (decline in voter turnout) because of the strength of party loyalty. The reason these voter turn-outs declined was because of the secret ballot, illiterate voters, party bosses couldn't mobilize voters. The power centers/interest groups replaced political parties. These included things such as professional organizations, trade associations, labor organizations, women's clubs, etc.

The rise of the independent republicans attempted to break party lock on power and it resulted in a _______________.

The rise of the independent republicans attempted to break party lock on power and it resulted in a secret ballot.

What was meant by the "new woman"?

Their wage earning activity had moved out of the house and into factories or offices. Children enrolled in school at earlier ages. Technology made housework less of a burden. Family sizes began to decline and the divorce rate increased. Women also began to live longer. They got a better education. They had more time and looked for activities. Some shunned marriage entirely and lived together in "Boston Marriages" (many reformers were these type of women).

What developments after 1873 led to the coalition of farmers and miners on behalf of silver coinage? Why did "free silver" seem to be the answer?

There seemed to be a ready supply of silver but....Cleveland thought instability of currency was main reason for depression and he had very strong feelings regarding backing paper currency. The US practiced bimetallism (gold and silver) so they discontinued the coinage of silver later.

What did the muckrakers do to help prepare the way for progressivism?

They drew direct public attention to the social, economic, and political injustices. They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice to the public eye. At first muckrakers targeted trusts, especially RR barons, but later they turned their attention toward government and political machines.

Explain how the emphasis of the Grange gradually shifted. Why did the organization eventually fade in importance?

They wanted to bring farmers together. Later, the Panic of 1873 caused an increase in membership and goals became more economic, but the alliance was more widespread and followed than the grange. Organization eventually faded because of lack of experience and opposition of middlemen, whose business they were challenging by making their own stores and such

What was the vision of the Farmers' Alliance? What role did women play?

They wanted to free themselves from dependency on merchants and corporations. Women were more involved (MW ahead of curve). Their goals shifted and the NW and S alliances formed Populist party.

Both progressives and socialists believed that the enormous industrial combinations were at the core of many of the nation's problems, but they certainly did not agree on the appropriate solutions. How did the socialist agenda differ from the typical progressive program? On what issues did the socialists disagree among themselves?

They wanted workers to control the industry. Some believed in working through electoral politics (moderate) while others favored militant direct action (radical). Some moderates favored nationalizing only major industries, use electoral politics while radicals including union Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) wanted abolition of "wage slave" system, favored use of general strike, supported unskilled workers. A strike by IWW led to federal government crackdown on union. The Socialist Party's refusal to support war and growing anti-radicalism led to decline of socialism.

To appease the public the congress passed the __________________ which ______________________.

To appease public Congress passed 1887 Interstate Commerce Act- banned rate discrimination + injustice

One of the most important leaders of the Southern Farmers Alliance and People's Party was:

Tom Watson

How did Teddy Roosevelt come to be president?

When President William McKinley suddenly died in september 1901, the victim of an assassination, Roosevelt (who had been elected vice president less than a year before) was only 42 years old, the youngest man ever to assume the presidency.

What led to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act? Why did it have so little impact?

When states adopted laws prohibiting combinations that restrained competition, corporations still found ways to easily escape those limitations. This led to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act. It had so little impact because it failed to specify clearly enough to precisely what kinds of combinations it was forbidding.

In what professions did women dominate? What were the hallmarks of those professions?

Women entered appropriate professions such as social work, settlement houses, and TEACHING! All of them had a domestic/helping image.

The expression "Crime of '73" refers to the:

discontinuance of silver coinage.

Clayton Antitrust Bill __________ ______________________________________________________________

allowed break up of trusts weakened by conservative opposition; ultimately administration decided that government supervision and regulation by FTC sufficient

What were the key reform "impulses" that characterized progressivism?

antimonopoly, social cohesion, application of natural and social sciences to society for the purpose of good

The Chautauqua movement represented the:

designed to provide instruction to adults interested in further education.

The Social Gospel:

helped bring to progressivism a powerful moral component.

The professional roles available to women in the early twentieth century were:

most often those involving "helping" or "domestic" activities associated with traditionally female roles.

Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens were most closely associated with:

muckraking.

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following groups would least likely vote Democrat?

northern blacks

The so-called Granger Laws were designed to regulate:

railroad and warehouse rates.

Congress justified its passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act on the basis of its constitutional power to:

regulate interstate commerce.

Progressive humanitarian efforts emphasized the need for:

scientific expertise.

The Populist Party appealed primarily to which of the following constituencies?

small farmers in geographically isolated regions.

Which of the following acts was passed to a considerable extent as a result of the assassination of Garfield?

the Pendleton Civil Service Act

One of the most significant examples of the Social Gospel at work was:

the Salvation Army.

The most powerful institutions in national politics were

the courts and the political parties.